a silence greater than speech. They reveal the soul of the man; valor and belief without adequate words, -noble in comparison to eloquent words without heroic insight!' No extracts from these speeches which we have space to give will convey any adequate idea of the manner or matter of their author. The explanation of the circumstances in which they were delivered, must be read in the connection. And we promise any one, who has not read them, that he will find the sentences in brackets by a modern hand,' sufficiently spicy to keep his appetite keen. Certainly Cromwell was original in addressing Parliaments; and his hearers who could sit listening two or three hours in a hot day to such addresses, must have been quite a unique body of men. Verily men and the ages do differ somewhat.' As examples, not so much of the speeches as of the annotations,' take the following. The words in brackets are by Mr. Carlyle.

Vol. II, p. 47.—To the Little Parliament in 1653. "Truly the 'judgment of truth,' it will teach you to be as just towards an unbeliever as towards a believer; and it's our duty to do so. I confess I have said sometimes, foolishly it may be, I had rather miscarry to a believer than an unbeliever. This may seem a paradox; but let's take heed of doing that which is evil to either! Oh, if God fill your hearts with such a spirit as Moses had, and as Paul had-which was not a spirit for believers only but for the whole people! Moses could die for them; wish himself blotted out of God's Book.' Paul could wish himself 'accursed for his countrymen af ter the flesh.' [Let us never forget that, in Moses and Paul. Are not these amazing sentiments, on their part, my estimable timber. headed, leaden-hearted friend?] So full of affection were their spirits unto all. And truly this would help

you to execute the judgment of truth and mercy also."

Vol. II, p. 367.-To the second Parliament in 1658. "And then in what sense it is our land;'through this grace and favor of God, that he has vouchsafed unto us and bestowed upon us, with the Gospel, peace and rest, out of ten years' war; and given us what we would desire! Nay, who could have forethought, when we were plunged into the midst of our troubles, that ever the people of God should have had liberty to worship God without fear of enemies? [Strange; this liberty' is to Oliver Cromwell a blessing almost too great for belief; to us it has become as common as the liberty to breathe atmospheric air, -a liberty not once worth thinking of. It is the way with all atlainments and conquests in this world. Do I think of Cadmus, or the old unknown Orientals, while I write with letters? The world is built upon the mere dust of heroes; once earnest-wrestling, death-defying, prodigal of their blood; who now sleep well, forgotten by all their heirs.

Without fear of enemies,' he says.] Which is the very acknowl edgment of the promise of Christ that He would deliver his from the fear of enemies, that they might worship Him in holiness and in righteousness all the days of their life."

Carlyle in this work has many reflections upon the present state of his country as contrasted with its days of heroism. But most of them are but the reiteration of what he advanced in his Past and Present. He thinks England must and will come back to realities. After say. ing that the history of Oliver is the noblest thing England has had, and the basis from which she will have to start again if she ever struggle God-ward, instead of Mammonward, in her religious and political cant, he adds, "England now finds himself on the point of choking

there (in the atmosphere of cant): large masses of her people no longer able to find even potatoes on that principle. England will have to come out of that; England, too terribly awakened at last, is every where preparing to come out of that. England, her Amazon-eyes once more flashing strange Heaven's light, like Phoebus Apollo's fatal to the Pythian mud-serpents, will lift her hand, I think, and her heart, and swear by the Eternal, I will not die in that! I had once men who knew better than that!" He does not mean that it is desirable to come back to the same manifestations of belief, earnestness and justice. He has no regrets that the dialect of Cromwell and his Puritan age has become obsolete: not at all. The vesture, as he would call it, of the Puritans' religion, while he finds no fault with it inasmuch as it fitted them at that day, has no attractions for him. His ways of thinking upon religious subjects differ as widely from theirs-at least his form of religious expressions, as any antipuritan could wish.* But their insight into the realities of things, the deep, earnest tone of their pietyleading them to struggle with their lives for the right, and true and good, both in the church and in the state, this he loves. In itself and in its results he deems it the best thing England has had. Already, he says, a shoot of the same, carried in the Mayflower and planted in the western world, is the most

*On the religious sentiments of Carlyle, see Bib. Repository for Oct. 1842.

vital thing now existing, and promises to be the greatest the nations have yet seen.

Readers who are not familiar with other writings of Mr. Carlyle, may receive the impression that rebellion and bloodshed go for little with him if great existing wrongs can be removed. This is not so. No man has uttered stronger things against war than he has. But when those who are placed on high to govern and guide men, so far forget their duties as to fail of at least some approximation to right and justice, let them beware! Men, nations, are patient of much but not of all which bigots and tyrants in church and state affairs will sometimes lay upon them. God has implanted in the bosoms of all men a sense of equity and truth, and rulers may as well say to the pent fires of Etna, 'you must keep quiet for a mountain weight is upon you,' as tell the mass of their subjects to be still under an excessive burden of oppression. It will not avail. The eruption will come. Unless God change human nature, it must come. Then woe to those who oppose the fiery torrent! Then the highest honor to him who, at the peril of his life, turns it into the safest and best channel possible. 'In every nation, in this English nation now, there are many silent, heroic men. Were it not so, like a forest with blossoms and leaves but no roots, all would soon die. But silence must sometimes get a voice, heroism must act as well as endure. Let rulers and spiritual guides understand this and act upon it, and it

shall be well with all.'

In the second number of our first volume we noticed a work on Landscape Gardening, and another on Rural Architecture, by our country man A. J. Downing. Both of these works have had a degree of popularity, in this country and in Europe, highly creditable to their author. We see by the papers that the Queen of Belgium has complimented Mr. Downing by a present of a ring set with brilliants, and, what is more uncommon for royalty, accompanied it with an autograph letter expressing the pleasure she has received in perusing his Landscape Gardening.

Mr. Downing has recently issued a new work on the "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America." The former publications of Mr. Downing are highly valuable, but more adapted to amateurs than to the great mass of our population; on this account we think they will be more highly appreciated across the water than here. However desirable it may be in it self, we can not expect much attention to the beautiful in horticulture until our wildernesses are subdued, and we have a superabundance of wealth which can be spared for the gratification of the taste.

But Mr. Downing's late work is pre-eminently a book for the people, and although it is not probable it will win for him royal autographs and brilliants from the old world, we doubt not but it will excite the gratitude of thousands of his own countrywomen, who are every whit as good in all respects as her majesty the Queen of Holland.

*The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, or the culture, propagation, and management in the garden and orchard of fruit trees generally, with descriptions of all the finest varieties of fruit, native and foreign, cultivated in this country; by A. J. Downing. New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1845.

We

The culture of choice fruit in our country has been astonishingly neg. lected, and yet there is probably no country in the world capable of producing in perfection a greater variety of delicious wholesome fruits than these United States. There has been indeed no lack of hard favored, ill shaped, worthless semblages of fruit, called "cider apples," and "choke pears," and in our swamps, we have growing spontaneously several kinds of sour grapes, with now and then a variety that can possibly be eaten without creating a distortion of the countenance. But until within a few years, choice fruits were almost as rare on the farms of New England, as the precious gems. are happy to observe a great change in public sentiment on this subject. A general interest is being awakened among our farmers and horticulturists in regard to the culture of vines and fruit trees, which we trust will not subside, till our gardens and farms are abundantly supplied with one of the choicest luxuries which Providence designed for man. The publication of the work before us we regard as exceedingly opportune. It can not fail to deepen the interest already awakened on this important subject, while it brings to the practical farmer and horticulturist just that kind of information which they need to enable them to prosecute their labors in this department of industry with the greatest profit and success. Several works of decided excellence had previously been published in this country on Pomology, but we regard Mr. Downing's as decidedly superior to any that we have seen. We wish it could be placed in the hands of every man who owns half an acre of land in our country, and if it were, we believe it would do more toward increasing the intrinsic value of real estate, through

out the length and breadth of the land, than all the "public improve ments," so called, which speculators have originated during the present century. Every good fruit tree that is planted, is an important addition to the real capital of the nation; and the amount invested in it, will, in a very few years, pay a much larger dividend than the best fancy stocks in the country.

The culture of fruit may be regarded in two important aspects: first as a source of a high rational enjoyment; and secondly as a source of wealth. Providence has bestow ed upon us no luxury which sur passes the fruits of our gardens and orchards, and none in which we may more freely indulge. There is no food artificially prepared, that will begin to compare with that which we receive fresh from the hand of nature, as regards either taste or healthfulness. We have no doubt but God designed fruit as one of the principal articles for the sus tenance of man, and that is a depraved taste which turns with indifference from the luscious products of our vines and fruit trees, to seek gratification at the hands of French cooks and confectioners. There has been, and still is to a considerable extent, an opinion prevalent that fruit is to be eaten simply as a dessert, and can not be taken freely without impairing the health; and we have known persons refrain from cultivating much fruit about their dwellings, on the ground that children would thereby be tempted to eat freely, and thus disease be in duced. There could hardly be a greater mistake committed than that ripe fruits are unwholesome, at any season of the year. Many of our best physicians have given their tes timony, that fruits, perfectly ripe and fresh, so far from inducing disease, are the best of all preventives against it. One of the most eminent phy. sicians in New England, and a great pomologist, has told us that it has

car been his practice, to let his children have free access to his fruit garden through the season, with no restrictions but that they should not eat unripe or too ripe fruit, and of ten have they eaten to satiety before breakfast, and yet he has never known an instance of disease or physical evil result from the prac tice. It is only when fruit is eaten to excess after long abstinence, that it is productive of injurious effects, provided the system be in a natural state, and the fruit is in a proper condition. Persons who are fond of fruit and eat it freely, need but little food beside, and are much less likely than others to be attacked by those diseases which usually prevail during the sultry season.

As a source of wealth, fruit culture has hardly begun to be appre ciated in our country, especially by our farmers. The attention of agri. culturists is confined almost exclu sively to the cultivation of grains, grasses, and esculent vegetables, and on the sale of these annual products of their farms, they depend for their income. Whatever time or money is expended in the cultivation of fruit, is regarded by many as abstracted from more profitable pursuits. But we very much doubt whether any portion of a farmer's time is more profitably employed than that which he devotes to his fruit trees. There is no part of the produce of a farm that more uniformly finds a ready sale, and commands a better price, than good fruit. An acre of ground well stocked with choice apple or pear trees, will yield a larger income, with almost no labor at all, than several acres of the same soil laboriously cultivated in most of our annual crops. We know of a cler gyman, whose salary would not per· mit him to contribute as largely to benevolent objects as he wished, who resolved to consecrate his door-yard, less than half an acre, to the cause of foreign missions. He according ly some years since filled every nook

of it that could be thus occupied with choice fruit trees. He recently in formed us that he has for the last six years paid over to the American Board not less than $50 annually, as the proceeds of his door-yard alone, and yet this is not more than half what his trees will yield a few years hence.

A single apple tree will not unfrequently yield from ten to fifteen bushels of apples, which, if first rate fruit, and there is no good reason why they should not be, will sell in our market towns at an average price of fifty cents per bushel. There are very few farms, even of moderate dimensions, which might not have growing on them several hundreds of such trees, while at the same time the other products of the farm would be but little if any diminished. The usual method of cultivating apple trees is in orchards, but this is by no means the most economical mode. If a farmer has but little ground to spare for fruit exclusively, he may still raise almost as much as he pleases without devoting an acre of ground to this object. In the first place he may improve the highway on which his farm is situated, unless it should be a great thoroughfare. Suppose he owns land on each side of the road, for the distance of half a mile; he may line the road on both sides with apple trees, and the public will thank him for the ornament, and the only rent they will ask of him will be an apple now and then for the passing traveler, which he can well spare. Within this half mile he can place one hundred and sixty trees, two rods asunder. These trees, if well protected and taken care of, will in a few years yield an income of from one to five dollars each, and when the next generation comes upon the stage, much more than that. These trees will draw at least one half of their nourishment from the highway, and the shade which they cast upon the cultivated field will do but little

if any injury to whatever may be growing within the enclosure. Thus a handsome revenue might be secured to the farmer in a few years, from the sale of fruit, without his appropriating a rod of his farm for its cultivation.

But there are always certain por. tions of nearly every farm which may be occupied by fruit trees without the least detriment to any other interests. If the highway does not afford room for as many trees as the farmer wishes to cultivate, he may next plant them by the side of his division fences, where there is always more or less waste ground, usually in good heart. These trees would encroach but slightly upon the cultivated fields on either side, while the effect would be to combine a high degree of beauty with utility.

If farmers and others would study and practice a little economy of this kind, in appropriating to fruit trees portions of land which are waste or nearly so, they would find themselves in a few years amply supplied with fruit for their families and for the market, without encroaching any of consequence upon their arable land.

Mr. Downing has evinced more careful observation and patient research on the subject of fruit, than any American author we have seen. His catalogue and description of dif ferent fruits and their varieties, is altogether more complete than any thing of the kind ever published in this country, and is an invaluable guide to the nurseryman, the farmer, and amateur. faced this catalogue with a lucid essay on the cultivation and man. agement of fruit trees, which contains a fund of practical information, as well as much that is interesting and curious. In this part of his work Mr. Downing has availed himself of the best authors on pomology, both in this country and in Europe, and combined with much valuable infor

He has pre