Agricultural pursuits are extensively carried on by means of the "Farmers in the Eastern. best system of irrigation on the Continent. States might learn much here that would be valuable to them. From a report of the Deseret Agricultural Society of January 11th, 1866, it appears that there have been constructed 277 main canals, in length amounting to 1043 miles, 102 rods, at a mean width of 5 feet, 6 inches, and a mean depth of 2 feet, 2 inches, which water 153,949 acres of land, at a cost of $1,766,939, and there is in course of construction canals at an estimated cost of $900,000.'" The efforts of the Mormon farmers have been well repaid, and their fruits, vegetables, etc., will compare favorably with those of any portion of the country. Iron is found in large quantities in Iron and Beaver counties. Gold, silver, copper, zinc, and lead also exist, but it is believed that the deposits are small. Coal, both anthracite and bituminous, is found in limited quantities. Salt is yielded from the waters of Salt Lake in unlimited quantities. It is becoming an article of export. Soda exists in vast beds in many parts of the Territory. The animals native to the Territory are the elk, deer, antelope, grizzly bear, mountain sheep, fox, and wolf. The lakes abound in water fowl, and the mountain streams in excellent trout and salmon. The people of the Territory have gradually built up a system of manufactures which does much to supply their immediate wants. They make their own cloth, grind their own flour, and provide many articles of domestic use. Besides its local commerce, Utah carries on an active trade with the settlements in Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana, off the line of the Pacific Railway. The Pacific Railway crosses the northern portion of the Territory from east to west. Ogden, a few miles north of Salt Lake City, is the eastern terminus of the Central Pacific, and the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railways. There is a system of public schools, and the Mormons have established a University of Deseret. The education provided by the Mormon schools, however, is said to be arranged with a view to keeping the children within the fold of the Mormon faith. Utah was originally a part of Upper California. In 1848, it was ceded to the United States by Mexico, and, in 1847, was settled by the Mormons, who had been expelled from Nauvoo, in Illinois. They settled on the borders of Salt Lake, and founded Great Salt Lake City. They set up a Provisional form of Government, and gave to the Territory the name of the State of Deseret. In 1850, this form of government was abandoned, and the Territory of Utah was organized. The Territorial Government is similar to that of other Territories; but, besides this, the Mormon Church has a complete establishment of its own, of which Brigham Young, the Prophet, is the head or President. The Mormons, as a rule, pay little heed to the Territorial Government, but look to Young and the Twelve Apostles, as the chief dignitaries of the Church are called, in all things. The laws of the United States are executed with difficulty, and a vast amount of trouble has been given the Federal Government by the hostility and mutinous conduct of the Mormons. Just before the civil war, it became necessary to send an army into the Territory to compel obedience to the laws.* It is believed, however, that the completion of the Pacific Railway will render the task of enforcing obedience to the laws comparatively easy for the General Government. * The reader is referred to the numerous works on Utah and the Mormons, for an account of the history, religious belief, and political system of the Mormons. The limits of this work forbid such a narrative here. GREAT SALT LAKE CITY, the capital of the Territory, is situated in Salt Lake County, on the east bank of the river Jordan, which connects Utah Lake with the Great Salt Lake, about 22 miles. east of the latter lake, and 4200 feet above the level of the sca. It was laid out in July, 1847. In 1870, it contained a population of about 17,000. William Hepworth Dixon thus sketches the city: "The site of the new city was laid between the two great lakes, Utah Lake and Salt Lake,-like the town of Interlachen, between Brienz and Thun,-though the distances are here much greater, the two inland seas of Utah being real seas when compared against the two charming lakelets in the Bernese Alps. A river, now called the Jordan, flows from Utah into Salt Lake; but it skirts the town only, and, lying low down in the valley, is useless, as yet, for irrigation. Young has a plan for constructing a canal from Utah Lake to the city, by way of the lower benches of the Wasatch chain; a plan which will cost much money, and fertilize enormous sweeps of barren soil. If Salt Lake City is left to extend itself in peace, the canal will soon be dug; and the bench, now covered with stones, with sand, and a little wild sage, will be changed into vineyards and gardens. The city, which covers, we are told, three thousand acres of land, between the mountains and the river, is laid out in blocks of ten acres each. Each block is divided into lots of one acre and a quarter; this quantity of land being considered enough for an ordinary cottage and garden. "As yet, the temple is unbuilt; the foundations are well laid, of massive granite; and the work is of a kind that bids fair to last; but the Temple block is covered with temporary buildings and erections— the old tabernacle, the great bowery, the new tabernacle, the temple foundations. A high wall encloses these edifices; a poor wall, without art, without strength; more like a mud wall than the great work which surrounds the temple platform on Moriah. When the works are finished, the enclosure will be trimmed and planted, so as to offer shady walks and a garden of flowers. "The Temple block gives form to the whole city. From each side. of it starts a street, a hundred feet in width, going out on the level plain, and in straight lines into space. Streets of the same width, and parallel to these, run north and south, east and west; each planted with locust and ailantus trees, cooled by two running streams of water from the hill-side. These streets go up north, towards the bench, and nothing but the lack of people prevents them from travelling onward, a south and west, to the lakes, which they already reach on paper, and in the imagination of the more fervid saints. Main street runs along the temple front; a street of offices, of residences, and of trade. Originally, it was meant for a street of the highest rank, and bore the name of East Temple street; upon it stood, besides the temple itself, the Council house, the Tithing office, the dwellings of Young, Kimball, Wells, the three chief officers of the Mormon Church. It was once amply watered and nobly planted; but commerce has invaded the precincts of the modern temple, as it invaded those of the old ; and the power of Brigham Young has broken and retreated before that of the money-dealers and the venders of meat and raiment. Banks, stores, offices, hotels,—all the conveniences of modern life,-are springing up in Main street; trees have, in many parts, been cut down for the sake of loading and unloading goods; the trim little gardens, full of peach trees and apple trees, bowering the adobe cottages in their.midst, have given way to shop-fronts and to hucksters' stalls. In the business portion, Main street is wide, dusty, unpaved, unbuilt; a street showing the three stages through which every American city has to pass: the log shanty, the adobe cot (in places where clay and fuel can be easily obtained, this stage is one of brick), and the stone house. Many of the best houses are still of wood; more are of adobe, the sun-dried bricks once used in Babylonia and Egypt, and still used everywhere in Mexico and California; a few are of red stone, and even granite. The temple is being built of granite from a neighboring hill. The Council house is of red stone, as are many of the great magazines, such as Godbe's, Jennings', Gilbert's, Clawson's; magazines in which you find everything for sale, as in a Turkish bazaar, from candles and champagne, down to gold dust, cotton prints, tea, pen-knives, canned meats, and mouse-traps. The smaller shops, the ice cream houses, the saddlers, the barbers, the restaurants, the hotels, and all the better class of dwellings, are of sun-dried bricks; a good material in this dry and sunny climate; bright to the eye, cosy in winter, cool in summer; though such houses are apt to crumble away in a shower of rain. A few shanties, remnants of the first emigation, still remain in sight. Lower down, towards the south, where the street runs off into infinite space, the locust and ailantus trees reappear. "In its busy, central portion, nothing hints the difference between Main street in Salt Lake City, and the chief thoroughfare, say, of Kansas, Leavenworth, and Denver, except the absence of grog-shops, lager beer saloons, and bars. The hotels have no bars, the streets |