MANUFACTURES.

According to the census of 1860, there were in that year 3582 establishments in Maine devoted to manufactures, mining, and the mechanic arts. They employed 39,710 hands, possessed a capital of $22,000,000, consumed raw material to the amount of $20,861,452 (including fuel), and produced goods worth $36,075,498. Of these establishments, 19 were cotton manufactories, employing 1908 male and 4342 female hands, consuming annually $3,000,000 worth of raw material, paying annually $1,244,928 for labor, and producing $6,636,623 worth of goods; and 61 were woollen mills, with a capital of $989,400, employing 604 male and 499 female hands, consuming $1,047,496 worth of raw material, paying $277,440 for labor, and producing goods worth $1,674,800. There were $2,011,034 worth of leather; 5300 tons of rolled iron, worth $332,000; $681,295 worth of steam engines and machinery; $339,180 worth of agricultural implements; $1,400,000 worth of flour; and $36,000 worth of malt and $142,000 worth of spirituous liquors produced during the same year. The manufacturing interest of Maine has greatly increased since 1860. In 1868, the capital invested in manufactures amounted to $40,000,000, and the annual value of fabrics produced to $81,287,695. The water-power of the State is immense, and holds out the best inducements to manufacturers.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

The State is making steady progress in internal improvements. In 1860, there were 14 railroads in Maine, having an aggregate length in the State of 472 miles, which had been constructed at a cost of $16,576,385. The Grand Trunk, which extends from Portland, through New Hampshire and Vermont to Quebec and Montreal in Canada, passes through Maine for but a short distance. It is a firstclass road, in respect to the amount of business done by it. The Maine Central is 138 miles long, and extends from Portland to Bangor, passing through Auburn and Waterville. The Portland and Kennebec, extending from Portland to Skowhegan, through Richmond, Gardiner and Augusta, is 100 miles long. There are other thriving lines in the State, one of which (the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth) connects Portland with Portsmouth, N. H.

The only canal in the State is the Cumberland-Oxford, uniting

Portland with Sebago, Brandy, and Long Ponds. It is 20 miles long, and has 26 locks. Together with the Songo River improvements, it forms a navigable line of 50 miles, constructed at a cost of $50,000.

EDUCATION.

Maine has a permanent school fund, drawn from the sale of lands donated for that purpose by the State. Besides this, the banks are taxed one-half of one per cent. on their capital, and the towns are assessed at the rate of 40 cents per capita, for educational purposes. In 1860, Maine had 2 colleges and 337 students, 110 academies and other schools, with 8273 pupils, and 4376 public schools with 186,717 pupils. In the same year, the whole number of pupils, between the ages of 4 and 21 years, at all the schools in the State, was 244,920. In 1868, this number had been reduced to 225,290, a falling off due to the actual decrease of children in the State. In 1850, the proportion of minors in the State was 49 per cent. of the whole population, but in 1860 it was only 36 per cent. This, too, in spite of the fact that the population of Maine has steadily grown larger. It is doubtless due to the fact that children are not now as much desired as in the better days of the community. * In 1868, the number of schools in the State was 3782.

A writer in the Annual Cyclopædia for 1867, says: "The permanent school fund amounts to $245,121.23, the income of which for the past year is $13,244.14. The receipts from the bank tax are rapidly falling off, being but $4475. The people are determined, however, that the schools shall not suffer. They have raised, by direct taxation, the sum of $518,292.97, an average of $2.28 a scholar, and built seventy-nine new school-houses, at a cost of $323,581.13. Add to this the sum of $15,316.93, contributed to prolong public schools, with $40,614.33, paid for private schools and academies, and $6,428.25 paid out of the State for the same purposes, making an aggregate expenditure for schools of $935,131.75, and you have abundant proof that the burdens and discouragements of the times are not allowed to diminish the interest of the people in common school education. There are also two Normal Schools, both of which are in a flourishing condition, and are liberally sustained.

"The State has chartered a College of Agricultural and Mechanic

* Appleton's Cyclopædia, 1868.

Arts, and commenced the erection of suitable buildings for its uses. The Reform School has entered upon a course of unusual prosperity."

In 1860, there were 814 libraries, containing a total of 405,901 volumes. There were 283 public libraries, comprising 215,437 vols. In the same year, there were 70 newspapers and periodicals published in the State. These consisted of 7 daily, 4 tri-weekly, and 37 weekly political papers, 6 weekly religious papers, 4 weekly and 3 monthly literary journals, and 1 daily, 5 weekly, and 3 monthly journals of a miscellaneous character. These had an aggregate annual circulation of 8,333,278 copies.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

The public institutions of Maine, are the State Prison, at Thomaston, the Insane Asylum, at Augusta, and the State Reform School, at Cape Elizabeth. The State Prison was much enlarged and improved in 1867. It is not adequate to the necessities of the community, however, and in 1867, was so overcrowded that its earnings fell $7000 short of its expenditures. The number of prisoners in 1866 was 135, against 78 in 1865. The number of inmates in the Insane Asylum in 1867 was 303-144 men and 159 women. The institution is well supported by the State, and has received several endowments. The State Reform School, in 1870, contained 254 inmates, of whom 71 we recommitted during the year. The children, upon being admitted to this school, are employed on the farm or in the work-shops. They are kindly treated, and, as a general rule, a great change takes place for the better in their morals a few months after their commitment. The actual cost of the school to the State for 1868, was about $13,945, the earnings of the boys making up the remainder of the expenses.

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

In 1860, the value of church property in Maine was $2,886,905; and the number of churches, 1167.

FINANCES.

The public debt of the State on the 31st of December, 1870, was $7,067,000, and is due in 1871, 1883, and 1889. The amount paid off in 1870 was $33,000. The receipts of the Treasury for the fiscal

year were $4,924,164.12, and the expenses of the State $5,041,846.64. On January 1st, 1870, there was a cash balance in the Treasury of $235,930.63. On the 1st of October, 1868, there were 61 National banks doing business in the State, with an aggregate capital of $9,085,000.

GOVERNMENT.

The present Constitution of the State was adopted in 1820. Every adult male citizen of the United States, not a criminal, is entitled to a vote in the elections.

The Government of the State consists of a Legislature, comprising a Senate and House of Representatives, and a Governor, all chosen by the people. The Governor is elected annually, and is assisted in his executive duties by a Council of seven members, elected on joint ballot by the houses of the Legislature. The Senate consists of 31 memhers, and the House of Representatives of 151 members, all chosen annually by the people, on the second Monday in September. The Legislature meets at Augusta, on the first Wednesday in January in each year. The chief executive officers are the Secretary of State and the State Treasurer, both chosen by the joint ballot of the Legislature.

There is a probate court with a judge and register in each county, and municipal and police courts in the several cities. Cases originating within the jurisdiction of these bodies are tried before them. The Supreme Judicial Court of the State consists of a Chief Justice and seven Associate Justices, an Attorney General, and a Reporter of Decisions. Courts are held in three districts, for the purpose of hearing and determining cases brought before them. The Court for the Eastern district sits at Bangor, that for the Middle district at Augusta, and that for the Western district at Portland. The income of the State is derived chiefly from direct taxes, sales of land, and a tax on the banks. The seat of Government is established at Augusta.

For purposes of government, the State is divided into 16 counties.

HISTORY.

Maine was first visited in 1602 by Gosnold, who was followed in 1603 by Martin Pring. A French expedition, under Des Monts, passed the winter of 1604 at the present site of Calais, on the St. Croix. Des Monts took possession of the region of the Kennebec the next spring, and was granted a patent for it by the French King. The province was visited by Captain George Weymouth, in 1605,

and in 1607 the first colony was established by the Plymouth Company. This settlement was abandoned in one year. A French colony was sent out in 1613, by Madame de Guercheville, who had purchased the patent of Des Monts, and planted on Mount Desert Island for missionary purposes. This settlement was broken up by an expedition from Virginia. In 1614, the coast was thoroughly explored by Captain John Smith, who published an account of it on his return to England. The Plymouth Company obtained a renewal of their charter from James I., in 1620, and, as the region granted them included the present State of Massachusetts, bitterly opposed the formation of settlements by the Pilgrims at Plymouth and Salem, but without effect. In 1621, William Alexander, who subsequently became Earl of Stirling, purchased from the Company the territory east of the St. Croix River; which stream, until this day, forms the eastern boundary of Maine. The next year, Monhegan was settled by emigrants from Great Britain. Saco was settled in 1623. These settlements prospered even better than their founders had ventured to hope. 1629, the Plymouth Company established the western boundary of Maine, by selling to John Mason the territory "lying between the Merrimack and Piscataqua rivers," to which they gave the name of New Hampshire. In 1635, the Company surrendered its charter to the king, and divided its territory among its members. The country between the Piscataquis and the Kennebec was assigned to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who, in 1639, was confirmed in his possession by a formal charter from Charles I., who called the territory the Province of Maine. Gorges was also appointed Governor-General of New England with almost despotic powers. In 1640, he sent his son Thomas to Maine as his deputy. Thomas Gorges took up his residence at the settlement of Agamenticus, now the town of York, and in 1642 changed the name of the place to Gorgeana.

In

Since the settlement of the colony, the French had claimed the region between the St. Croix and the Penobscot, which they had settled under the name of Acadie, and after the death of the elder Gorges the province was still further divided among his heirs. These cut it up into four weak communities, whose helplessness laid them open to the encroachments of the French in Canada. Apprehensive of this result the colony of Massachusetts Bay, incited to such a course by the entreaties of many of the inhabitants, set up a claim, in 1651, to the province of Maine, which it declared had been granted to the colony by the original charter of Massachusetts. Commissioners were sent