miles northwest of Washington City. It is 3 miles distant from the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, with which it is connected by a branch railway. The city is built chiefly of brick and stone; the streets are broad and straight, and cross each other at right-angles, and are shaded with fine trees. The Court House is a handsome building. The town contains the Deaf and Dumb Asylum of Maryland, 11 churches, a college and an academy and several fine schools, both public and private. Two newspapers are published here. Frederick is next to Baltimore in wealth and commercial importance. It lies in the midst of a fine agricultural section, and possesses a considerable trade. To a limited extent it is engaged in manufactures, leather, iron, wool, paper, and flour being the principal articles produced. It is lighted with gas, is supplied with water, and is provided with a steam fire department. It is governed by a Mayor and Council. In 1870, the population was 8526.

CUMBERLAND,

The third city of the State with regard to population, is situated in Alleghany county, on the left bank of the Potomac River, 179 miles west-by-north of Baltimore, with which it is connected by the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. It is the eastern terminus of the National Road. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, whose eastern terminus is at Georgetown, D. C., ends here. The town is connected with Pittsburg, Pa., by the Connellsville Railway. It is beautifully located at the foot of the mountains, and is generally well built. The Court House is the principal building.

The importance of Cumberland is due to its vicinity to the coal and iron mines of Maryland, which lie but a few miles to the west of it, and in the mountains. Immense quantities of a semi-bituminous coal are mined in this region and shipped east and west.

The city is lighted with gas, and is governed by a Mayor and Council. It contains about 6 churches, several schools, and 3 newspaper offices. In 1870 the population was 8056.

MISCELLANIES.

THE BALTIMORE RIOT.

A few days after the declaration of war, the town of Baltimore was seriously disturbed. Some harsh strictures on the conduct of Government having appeared in a newspaper of that city, entitled the Federal Republican, the resentment of the opposite party was shown by destroying the office and press of that establish

ment. The commotion excited by this outrage had, however, in a great measure subsided, and the transaction was brought before a criminal court for investigation. But events more alarming and tragical shortly afterwards succeeded. On the 26th of July, Mr. Hanson, the leading editor of the obnoxious journal, who had deemed it prudent to leave the disordered city, returned, accompanied by his political adherents; amongst whom was General Henry Lee, of Alexandria, an officer distinguished in the Revolution for his bravery in partisan warfare at the head of a legion of cavalry, afterwards Governor of Virginia, and a representative from that State in the Congress of the Federal Government. Determined to re-commence the paper, by first printing it in Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and then transmitting it to Baltimore for distribution, a house was for this purpose occupied in Charles street, secured against external violence, and guarded by a party well provided for defence. On the 28th, papers were accordingly issued. These contained severe animadversions against the Mayor, police, and the people of Baltimore, for the depredations committed on the establishment in the preceding month, and were generally circulated throughout the city.

In the course of the day it became known that Mr. Hanson was in the new office in Charles street, and it was early whispered that the building would be assailed. A number of citizens who espoused his opinions went, therefore, to the house, and joined in its protection. Towards the evening, a crowd of boys collected, who, after using opprobrious epithets to those within, began to throw stones at the windows; and about the same time a person on the pavement, endeavoring to dissuade the youths from mischief, was severely wounded by something ponderous thrown from the house. They were cautioned from the windows to desist; but still continued to assail the place with stones. Two muskets were then fired from the upper story; charged, it was supposed, with blank cartridges, to deter them from further violence; immediately the crowd in the street greatly increased; the boys were displaced by men; the sashes of the lower windows were broken, and attempts made to force the door. Muskets, in quick succession, were discharged from the house; some military arrived to disperse the crowd; several shots were fired in return; and at length a Dr. Gale was killed by a shot from the office door. The irritation of the mob was increased. They planted a cannon against the house, but were restrained from discharging it by the timely arrival of an additional military force, and an agreement that the persons in the house would surrender to the civil authority. Accordingly, early in the following morning, having received assurances on which they thought themselves safe in relying, they surrendered, and were conducted to the county jail, contiguous to the city. The party consisted of about 20 persons; amongst whom were General Lee, General James Lingan, and Mr. Hanson.

The Mayor directed the Sheriff to use every precaution to secure the doors of the prison, and the commander of the troops to employ a competent force to preserve the peace. In the evening everything bore the appearance of tranquillity; and the soldiers, by the consent of the magistrate, were dismissed. But shortly after dark, a great crowd of disorderly persons reassembled about the jail, and manifested an intention to force it open. On being apprised of this, the Mayor hastened to the spot, and, with the aid of a few other gentlemen, for a while prevented the execution of the design: but they were at length overpowered by the number and violence of the assailants. The Mayor was carried away by force, and the turnkey compelled to open the doors. A tragedy ensued, which cannot be described: it can be imagined only by those who are familiar with scenes of

blood. General Lingan was killed; eleven were beaten and mangled with weapons of every description, such as stones, bludgeons, and sledge-hammers, and then thrown as dead, into one pile, outside of the door. A few of the prisoners fortunately escaped through the crowd: Mr. Hanson, fainting from his repeated wounds, was carried by a gentleman (of opposite political sentiments), at the hazard of his own life, across the adjoining river, whence he with difficulty reached the dwelling of a friend.

No effectual inquisition was ever made into this signal violation of the peace, nor punishment inflicted on the guilty. The leaders, on both sides, underwent trials; but, owing to the inflammation of public feeling, they were acquitted.

ANECDOTE OF CHARLES CARROLL.

The name of Carroll is the only one on the Declaration to which the residence of the signer is appended. The reason why it was done in this case is understood to be as follows: The patriots who signed that document, did it, almost literally, with ropes about their necks, it being generally supposed that they would, if unsuccessful, be hung as rebels. When Carroll had signed his name, some one at his elbow remarked, "You'll get clear-there are several of that name-they will not know which to take."-" Not so," replied he, and immediately added, "of Carrollton."

THE District of Columbia originally embraced an area of ten miles square, but the portion ceded by Virginia was restored to that State in 1846, so that the present District comprises only the grant made to the General Government by the State of Maryland. It lies on the east side of the Potomac at the head of tide water, 160 miles from the mouth of the river. It includes the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and is the seat of the Federal Government of the Republic. In its physical features it is like those portions of the State of Maryland immediately surrounding it.

Until recently it was governed exclusively by Congress, and had no voice in its own affairs. Early in the year 1871, however, the two Houses of Congress passed a bill, which received the signature of the President on the 21st of February, making great changes in the affairs of the District. By this law the District of Columbia has been given the management of its own affairs. The District is organized as a Territory, with a Government, consisting of a Governor and an Assembly. The Governor is appointed by the President of the United States by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He holds office for four years and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. He must be a citizen of the District for at least 12 months previous to his appointment, and have the qualifications of a voter. His duties and powers are similar to those of the Governor of a Territory of the United States. The Assembly

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consists of a Council and a House of Delegates. The Council ist composed of 11 members, of whom 2 are residents of the City of Georgetown, 2 residents of the District outside of Washington and Georgetown, and 7 residents of the City of Washington. They are appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. They must have the qualifications of voters to be eligible to their office. They hold office for two years, five and six going out on alternate years. The House of Delegates consists of 22 members, 2 from each of the 11 districts into which the District of Columbia is divided. They are elected by the people, and must have the qualifications prescribed for members of the Council.

The right of suffrage is conferred upon all male citizens of the United States above the age of 21 years, who have resided in the District for a period of 12 months previous to an election, except persons of unsound mind and those convicted of infamous crimes. The Assembly has no power to abridge or limit the right of suffrage.

The Government must confine itself entirely to the affairs of the District of Columbia. The inhabitants of the District do not vote for President or Vice-President of the United States. They send one delegate to Congress, who is entitled to the same rights and privileges in that body as are exercised and enjoyed by the Delegates from the several Territories of the United States to the House of Representatives. He is by virtue of his position a member of the House Committee for the District of Columbia. His term of office is 2 years.

All the acts of the Legislative Assembly are subject at all times to repeal or modification by the Congress of the United States, which body retains its powers of legislation over the District as formerly.

By this law the charters formerly held by the Cities of Washington and Georgetown are repealed, and all offices of those corporations abolished. The cities are brought directly under the control of the District Government, which succeeds to the possession of the municipal property. The cities retain their names and boundaries, but no longer exist as separate corporations, the government of both being confided to the authorities of the District.

The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia is the highest judicial tribunal. It consists of four justices (one of whom is designated as the Chief Justice), appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate of the United States. The other Courts are the District and Criminal Courts, below which are the Justices of the Peace.