and lagoons, which, though mostly shallow, have sufficient depth to allow of an extensive coasting navigation. Commencing at the Great Pedee, and proceeding south, we have Winyaw Bay, at the mouth of that river; then, in order, Bull's Bay, Charleston Harbor, St. Helena Sound, and Port Royal Entrance, with a number of smaller inlets. The harbor of Beaufort is much the best of these, admitting vessels drawing 11 feet water; Charleston Harbor is obstructed by a dangerous bar; St. Helena Sound is the most capacious of these inlets, but is beset with shoals. Georgetown, at the head of Winyaw Bay, can only be reached by vessels of small draught; and Stono Inlet, south of Charleston, has but 10 feet water on the bar. The Santee River, with its main affluents, the Congaree and Wateree, passes almost directly through the middle of the State. It is about 100 miles from the junction of the Congaree and Wateree to the mouth of the Santee, and about 300 miles from their confluence to their sources in North Carolina. The Great Pedee enters the State from North Carolina (where it bears the name of Yadkin), and courses through the northeast part of South Carolina, about 150 miles, into Winyaw Bay; the Saluda and Broad rivers drain the northwest of the State, and unite to form the Congaree; the Broad River rises in the west of North Carolina; the Edisto and Combahee drain the southwest of the State, and flow into the Atlantic after courses of 150 to 200 miles; Lynch's Creek is a tributary from the west, and Wacamaw and Little Pedee from the east of the Great Pedee; all have their sources in North Carolina. The larger streams run in a southeast direction, and furnish an inland navigation of about 2400 miles, apart from the creeks and inlets of the sea. The Savannah River can be navigated by steamboats to Hamburg, and for smaller boats still higher. The Wacamaw may be ascended 12 miles, the Great Pedee 200 miles, the Congaree and the Wateree about the same distances by steamboats. All these rivers are boatable above the distances mentioned, for keelboats. Greenville is the only district in the State without the advantage of navigation. Water-courses abound in all the districts favorable for mill-sites." *

MINERALS.

The Agricultural Bureau of the United States makes the following statement of the mineral resources of the State in 1868:

"Iron of superior quality, in great abundance, is found in Spartan

* Lippincott's Gazetteer, p. 1814.

burg, but only used for plantation purposes; ore is reported in Abbeville. Gold is found in Spartanburg, in Pickens (where a company is successfully at work, near Walhalla), in Abbeville (where 'Horn's gold mine,' discovered in 1834, has already yielded $1,000,000, and is still worked with profit); and in York some mines have lately been sold to Northern capitalists, including some California miners. Lead, also, is found in Spartanburg, copper and silver in Pickens, very pure ochre in Abbeville, and immense beds of kaolin and superior buhrstone. Marl in Barnwell contains a large percentage of lime. This district has had several manufactories of cotton, paper, etc., in profitable operation, and some are yet running successfully."

CLIMATE.

The climate of South Carolina corresponds with that of the south of France, and of Italy. The winter is mild and short, the spring is pleasant, and the heats of the summer are tempered by the cool seabreezes which sweep over the State.

SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.

The soil of the State is divided into six varieties; 1. The Tide Swamp, which is devoted exclusively to the culture of rice. 2. The Inland Swamp, in which grow rice, cotton, corn, and peas. 3. The Salt Marsh, in which grows the long cotton. 4. The oak and pine, in which grow long cotton, corn, potatoes, etc. 5. The oak and hickory, growing short cotton and corn. 6. The Pine Barrens, devoted to fruits, corn, etc.

A publication, recently issued by the State authorities, gives the following account of the productions of South Carolina :

"The usual productions of this State are cotton, the long and short staple, rice, both swamp and upland, tobacco, indigo, sugar, wheat, rye, corn, oats, millet, barley, buckwheat, peas, beans, sorghum, broomcorn, sunflower, guinea corn, sweet potatoes, and Irish potatoes. Hemp, flax, and hops grow luxuriantly. Of fruits, our orchards will show apples, pears, quinces, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, cherries, oranges, lemons, olives, figs, pomegranates, and the American date, the persimmons, of many kinds. Of berries, we have the mulberry, raspberry, strawberry, blackberry, huckleberry, sparkleberry, and elderberry. Of nuts, we have the walnut, pecan nut, chestnut, hickory, hazel-nut, and chincapin. The grape grows luxuriantly in

every portion of the State. In our woods and swamps enormous vines are found, extending to the topmost branches of the tallest forest-trees. Around Aiken, about 500 acres are now planted in grapes, and the quantity increases annually. The vines are healthy and vigorous. The silkworm thrives well with us, and the Morus multicaulis flourishes without any more care or attention than any of our forest-trees, and the growth is so rapid that the leaves can be used the second year after planting. The tea-plant is successfully cultivated. Of garden products, we have turnips, carrots, parsnips, artichokes, mustard, benne, rhubarb, arrow-root, water-melons, muskmelons, cucumbers, cabbages, kale, salads, peppers, squashes, tomatoes, pumpkins, onions, leeks, okra, cauliflower, beans, peas, radishes, celery, etc., etc.—in short, almost whatever can be raised in any garden in the world. Of flowers, we have in our gardens whatever the earth will yield in beauty and fragrance. The rose is a hedge-plant, the japonica blossoms in the open air throughout the winter, the jasmine perfumes our thickets, and the violet borders our roads."

In 1869, the principal products of the State were as follows: