SCA

S CA

roths. The antennæ or feelers are quite horny
tron, or cafe for the wings, is an inch and three
for which reason the probofcis or trunk is movea
ble at its infertion into the head, and feems to
fupply the place of feelers; the horns are 8 tenths
of an inch lung and terminate in points. The
probofcis is an inch and a quarter long, and turns
upwards; making a crooked line, terminating in
two horns, each of which is near a quarter of an
inch long; but they are not perforated at the end
like the probofcis of other infects. About 4 tenths
of an inch above the head, or that fide next the
body, is a prominence or small horn; which if the
reft of the trunk were away, would cause this part
to refemble the horn of a rhinoceros.: There is
indeed a beetle fo called; but its horns or trunk
has no fork at the end, though the lower horn re
fembles this. The feet are all forked at the end,
7. SCARABEUS PROSCARABEUs, of Mouffet,
but not like lobfters claws. See Plate CCXCIV.
or the oil beetle, of others. They are found in
meadows in great numbers; and feed on the leaves
of fome of the fpecies of ranunculus. They are
covered with a cruftaceous substance, but so soft
as to yield to the fingers.

( 17 ) put under a brafs candlestick, it will caufe it to move backwards and forwards as if it were by an invifible hand, to the admiration of those who are not accustomed to the fight:* but this ftrength is given it for much more useful purposes than thofe of exciting human curiofity; for there is no crea ture more laborious, either in seeking fubfiftence, or providing a proper retreat for its young. They are endowed with fagacity to discover fubfiftence by their excellent smelling, which directs them in fights to excrements juft fallen from man or beafts, on which they inftantly drop, and fall unanimously to work in forming round balls or pellets thereof, in the middle of which they lay an egg. Thefe pellets, in September, they convey three feet deep in the earth, where they lie til the approach of fpring, when the eggs are hatched and burft their nefts, and the infects find their way out of the earth. They affift each other with indefatigable induftry in rolling these globular pellets to the place where they are to be buried. This they are to perform with the tail foremoft, by raifing up their hinder part, and fhoving along the ball with their hind-feet. They are always accompanied with other beetles of a larger fize, and of a more elegant ftructure and colour. The breaft of this is covered with a fhield of a crimson colour, and fhining like metal; the head is of the like colour, mixed with green; and on the crown' of the head stands a fhining black horn, bending backwards. Hence thefe are called the kings of the beetles, though they partake of the fame dirty drudgery with the rest.

4. SCARABEUS CERAMBYX, the musk beetle, or great fweet-smelling Capricorn, is one of the moft beautiful of the English beetles. The male is much smaller than the female, and is of a mixed colour of purple and gold; the female is more of a green colour; the horns of the males alfo confift of longer joints; and in both sexes the horns hang over the back, and are longer than the whole body. They are found among old willows, and often in the very wood. They are moft nume. rous in July. They make a mournful found when taken. Mouffet fays, they lofe their perfumed smell when dead; but Lifter fays, they only have it at the time of copulation.

5. SCARABEUS FELIFORMIS, the Gat-Beetle of Mouffet and others, has a very hard cruft, and fcarce any wings below it; it is fhort, and of a purplish black colour, with gibbous fhoulders. It is a flow creeper. They are often found in coitu on heaths in March. The male is smaller than the female. They feed on the yellow gallium. When fatigued, they throw out of their mouth a yellowish liquor of a pungent tafte like

pepper.

6. SCARABEUS HERCULES, the elephant beetle, is the largest of this kind hitherto known; and is found in South America, particularly in Guinea and Surinam, as well as about the river Oroonoko. It is of a black colour; and the whole body is covered with a very hard thell, full as thick and as ftrong as that of a small emb. Its length, from the binder part to the eyes, is almoft 4 inches; and from the fame part to the end of the probof es or trunk, 43. The tranfverfe diameter of the body is 24 inches; and the breadth of each ely. VL. XX. PART J.

8. SCARABÆUS TARDIPES is described by Mr Baker from his own observation, as very long lived and like the chameleon, living on the air. He had one, which lived two years and a half, without any visible food or drink; and it is not known how much longer it might have lived in ed it to flip away, while he was wiping the glafe, the fame manner, but the fervant carelessly allow notwithstanding its motion is naturally flow whence the trivial name.

SCARABEUS VORAX, the voracious beetle, or CANKERWORM. This laft name is used in our tranflation of the bible, for a very deftructive infect, often mentioned as the companion of the lo cuft. The Septuagint tranflates it Bounos, bruchus, a name fignifying an animal which makes a great noife, as this infect does both in eating and flying. SCARABINE, a high mountain of Scotland, in See BRUCHUs. It is found in fwarms upon hedges. the county of Caithness, and parish of Latheron.

* SCARAMOUCH. n. s. [escarmouche, Fr.] A buffoon in motly drefs.-It makes the bench reve SCARBA, or SKARBA, an ifland of Scotland, rend puppets, or scaramouches in fcarlet. Collier. on the W. coaft of Argyllshire, and at the N. end of the island of Jura, in the parifh of Jura and Colonfay. It is about 3 miles fquare, and contains about 50 inhabitants. It is very rugged and mountainous. Between it and Jura lies the gulf of Coryvrekan, the dread of failors in the Western Lat. 56. 6. N. feas. See CORYVREKAN. Lon. 2. 35. W. of Edin.

(1.) SCARBOROUGH, a town of Yorkshire, in the North Riding feated on a steep rock, near which are fuch craggy cliffs that it is almoft inacceffible on every fide. On the top of this rock is a large green plain, with two wells of fresh water fpringing out of the rock. It has of late been greatly frequented on account of its mineral waters, called the SCARBOROUGH SPA: on which account it is much improved in the number and beauty of the buildings. The fpring was under the cliff, part of which fell down in 1737, and the

C

water

water was loft ; but in clearing away the ruins to rebuild the wharf, it was recovered, to the great joy of the town. Thefe waters are chalybeate and purging. The two wells are both impregnated with the fame principles, in different proportions; though the purging well is the moft celebrated, and the water of this is ufually called the Scarborough water. When thefe waters are pour ed out of one glass into another, they throw up a number of air bubbles; and if they are fhaken for fome time in a phial clofe ftopped, and the phial be fuddenly opened before the commotion ceafes, they difplode an elaftic vapour, with an audible noife, which fhows that they abound in fixed air. At the fountain they have a brisk, pungent, chalybeate tafte; but the purging water taftes bitterifh, which is not ufually the cafe with the chalybeate 'one. They lofe their chalybeate virtues by expofure and by keeping; but the purging water the fooneft. They both putrefy by keeping; but in time recover their fweetnefs. Four or five half pints of the purging water drank within an hour, give two or three eafy motions, and raise the fpirits. The like quantity of the chalybeate purges lefs, but exhilarates more, and paffes off chiefly by urine. These waters have been found beneficial in hectic fevers, weakneffes of the ftomach, and indigeftion; in relaxations of the fyftem; in nervous hyfteric, and hypochondriacal diforders; in the green ficknefs, fcurvy, rheumatism, and afthmatic complaints; in gleets, the fluor albus, and other preternatural evacuations; and in habitual coftiveness. Affemblies and balls are held at Scarborough as at Tunbridge. It is a place of fome trade, has a very good harbour, and fends two members to parliament. Lon. 54. 18. E. Lat. o. 30. N. See MINERAL WATERS, N° 16. (2.) SCARBOROUGH, a townfhip of the United States, in Maine, Cumberland county.

(3.) SCARBOROUGH, a town and fort in Tobago. (4.) SCARBOROUGH, Sir Charles, a learned Englifh phyfician of the 17th century, who was firft phyfician to Charles II. James II. and William III. He fucceeded the celebrated Dr Harvey as lecturer on anatomy and furgery. He published several works on medicine and furgery; and died in 1693. (5.) SCARBOROUGH SPA.

*

See N° 1.

He scarcely knew him, striving to disown His blotted form.

Dryden. Slowly he fails, and scarcely ftems the tides. The preffing water pours within her fides. Dryd. * SCARCENESS. Įn s. [from scarce.] (1.)* SCARCITY. Smallness of quantity; not plenty; penury.

I.

Shak.

Scarcity and want shall shun you. -Because there is fo great a scarcity of lovely women, I am conftrained to make use of one certain idea, which I have formed in my fancy. Dryden. Corn does not rife or fall by the differences of more or less plenty of money, but by the plenty and scarcity that God fends. Locke.

Let the scarceness recommend the fare. Addis. -A scarcity fnow would raise a mutiny at Naples. Addison. 2. Rarenefs; infrequency; not commonnefs-They that find fault with our store, should be leaft willing to reprove our scarcity of thanksgivings. Hooker. The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness. Collier.

(2.) SCARCITY, ROOT OF See BETA, II. No 1; MANGEL WURZEL; and RURAL ECONOMY, Part I. Sect. VI; and Part II Se&t. III.

SCARDII, in ancient geography, mountains of Macedonia, which feparate it from Illyricum. Liv. 43, C. 20.

(1.) SCARDONA, a fea port town in Dalmatia, feated on the E. bank of the Cherca, or Kerka, (as Dr Oppenheim fpells it,) and on the lake SCARDONA (N°.2), with a bishop's fee. It has been taken and retaken feveral times by the Turks and Venetians; and thefe laft ruined the fortifications and its principal buildings in 1537; but they have been fince put in a state of defence. "No veftiges fays Fortis) now remain vifible of that ancient city, where the states of Liburnia beld their affembly in the times of the Romans. Roman coins are very frequently found about Scardona, and several valuable ones were shown to me by that hofpitable prelate, M. Trevifani, bishop of the fettlement. The repeated devaftations to which Scardona has been expofed, have left it no traces of grandeur. It is now, however, beginning to rife again, and many merchants of Servia and Bosnia have fettled there, on account of the convenient situation for trade with the upper provinces of Turkey. But the city has no fortifications." It is 35 miles NW. of Spalatro, and 28 N. of Trau. Lon. 17. 25. E. Lat. 43. 55. N.

(2.) SCARDONA, a lake of Dalmatia, near the above town.

(6.) SCARBOROUGH WATER. (1.) SCARCE. adj. [scarso, Italian; schaers, Dutch,] 1. Not plentiful; not copious.-A Swede will, no more fell you his hemp for lefs filver, because you tell him filver is fearcer now in England, and therefore rifen one fifth in value, than a tradefman of London will fell his commodity cheaper ; *To SCARE. v. a. [scorare, italian. Skinner. to the Ifle of Man, because money is fcarce there. To fright; to frighten; to affright; to terrify; to Locke. 2. Rare; not common.-The fearceft of ftrike with fudden fear.They have scared away all is a Pefcennius Niger on a medallion well pre- two of my beft fheep. Shak.

ferved. Addison.

My grained afh an hundred times hath broke.
And scar'd the moon with splinters. Shak.
The noife of thy cross-bow.
Will scare the herd.
Shak. Henry VI,
-The head of a wolf. whole, dried, and hanged
up in a dovehouse, will scare away vermin. Bacon.

The wing of the Irish was grievoufly either galled or scared therewith. Hayward.--When they are devout, or scared, they then refolve to live religioufly. Calamy.--

Let wanton wives by death be scar’d. Prior. (1.)

Kermes fignifies always red dye; and when pronounced fhort, it becomes deep red. About 1643 a Fleming named Kepler established the first dyehoufe for scarlet in England, at the village of Bow, near London; and on that account the colour was called, at first, by the English, the Bow dye. In 1667 another Fleming, named Brewer, invited to England by king Charles II. with the promife of a large falary, brought this art there to great perfection.

(5.) SCARLET BEAN. n. s. [scarlet and bran.] A plant. The scarlet bean has a red husk, and is not the beft to eat in the fhell. Mortimer.

(6.) The SCARLET BEAN is a species of VICIA. (7.) SCARLET FEVER. See MEDICINE, Index, (8.) SCARLET OAK. n. s. The ilex. A fpecies of oak.

(9.) SCARLET OAK. See QUERCUs, § I. N° 4. SCARLINO, a town of Etruria, with a castle; on the fea-coaft, 5 miles S. of Massa, and 10 from Piombino. Lon. 10. 57. E. Lat. 42. 38. N. *SCARMAGE.ns (For skirmish. Spenser.] SCARMOGE. It is now pronounced by the Londoners kirmige.

Such cruel game my scarmages difarms. F. Q. SCARNAFIĞI, a town of the French empire, in the dep. of the Po, and late Piedmontefe, 5 miles W. of Savigliano, and 22 S. of Turin.

SCARO, the capital of the inland of SANTO. RINI, according to the Rev. Clement Cruttwell, though others make Pyrgos the capital. Perhaps Scaro is the modern name of Pyrgos. It is a Greek bishop's fee. Lon. 25. 28. E. Lat. 36. 10. N.

(1.) SCARP. n. s. [escarpe, Fr] The flope on that hide of a ditch which is next to a fortified place, and looks towards the fields. Di&.

(2.) SCARP, in geography, one of the Weftern Inlands of Scotland; about two miles long and one broad, near the W, coaft of the ifie of Lewis. It is in the parish of HARRIS, and confifts chiefly of a high conical mountain, the diameter of which is about three miles at the bafe. Lon. 3. 45. W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 58. 7. N.

(3.) SCARP, in heraldry, the fcarf which military commanders wear for ornament. It is born fomewhat like a battoon finifter, but is broader than it, and is continued out to the edges of the field, whereas the battoon is cut off at each end. SCARPANTO, an island of the Archipelago, and ore of the SPORADES, lying SW. of Rhodes, and NE. of Candia; anciently called CARPATHUS. It is about 22 miles long and 8 broad; and has feveral high mountains. It abounds in cattle and game; and has mines of iron, quarries of marble, and feveral good harbours. The Turks are mafters of it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. Lon. 44.38. E. Ferre. Lat. 35, 44. N.

SCARPE, a river of the French empire, which has its fource near Aubigny, in the department of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Artois, where it washes Arras and Douay; after which it runs by St Amand, and a little after falls into the Scheldt, at Mortagne, feven miles SSE, of Tournay.

SCARPERIA, a town of Etruria, 13 miles north of Fiorence; famous for its manufactures of ftcel.

SCARPHE, or an ancient town of Theffaly, SCARPHIA, near Thermopylæ, on the borders of Phthiotis. Seneca.

SCARR, a river of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire which rifes on the confines of Ayrshire, and after running about 25 miles through the parishes of Penpont, Tynron, and Keir, falls into the Nith near the church of Keir.

SCARRAWALSH, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, and province of Leinfter.

SCARRON, Paul, a famous French burlesque writer, was the fon of a counsellor in parliament, and was born at Paris about the end of 1610, or beginning of 1611. His father marrying a fecond wife, he was compelled to affume the ecclefiaftical profeffion. At the age of 24 he vifited Italy, where he freely indulged in licentious pleasures. After his return to Paris he perfifted in a life of diffipation, till a long and painful difeafe convinced im that his conftitution was almost worn out. At length when engaged in a party of pleasure at the age of 27, he loft the ufe of thofe legs which danced jo gracefully, and of those bands which could paint and play on the lute with fo much elegance. In 1638 he was attending the carnival at Mens, of which he was a canon. Having dressed himself one day as a favage, his fingular appearance excited the curiofity of the children of the town. They followed him in multitudes, and he was obliged to take shelter in a marth. This wet and cold fituation produced a numbness which totally deprived him of the use of his limbs; yet he continued gay and cheerful He took up his refidence at Paris, and by his pleasant humour foon attracted to his house all the men of wit about the city. The lofs of his health was followed by the lofs of his fortune. On the death of his father he entered into a procefs with his step-mother. He pleaded the cause in a ludicrous manner, though his whole fortune depended on the decision. He accordingly loft the cause. Mademoiselle de Haute fort, compaffionating his misfortunes, procured for him an audience of the queen. The poet requested to have the title of Valetudinarian to her majefty. The queen fmiled, and Scarron confidered the fmile as the commiffion to his new office. Cardinal Mazarine gave him a penfion of seo crowns; but that minifter having received difdainfully the dedication of his Typhon, the poet immediately wrote a Mazarinade, and the penfion was withdrawn. He then attached himself to the prince of Condé, and celebrated his victories. He at length formed the extraordinary refolution of marrying, and was accordingly, in 1651, married to Madame d'Aubigne (afterwards queen of France, fee MAINTENON), then only 16 years of age. "At that time (fays Voltaire) it was confidered as a great acquifition for her to gain for a husband a man who was disfigured by nature, impotent, and very little enriched by fortune." She reftrained by her modefty his indecent buffooneries, and the good company which had formerly reforted to his house again frequented it. Scarron now became more decent in his manners and converfation; and his gaiety was thus more agreeable. But he lived with fo little economy, that his income was foon reduced to a small annuity, and his marquifate of Quinet, i. e. the

profits