are not to be separated, as is done by some, thus Deus, fortis. "Gesenius interprets - patrem perpetuum i. e. of his people; one who constantly, like a father, provides for their welfare; in the same manner as Eliakim, 22: 21, is said to have been a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem; and as Job, 29: 16, asserts that he had behaved towards the poor. But I can by no means believe that the prophet, if he had intended to describe the personage of whom he had spoken as one who constantly sought, like a father, the prosperity of his people, would

אָב לְעַמּוֹ Rather lie would have said - אֲבִי־אד have named him " לָעַד

5.-Der Prophet Jesaia, übersetz und ausgelegt von Dr. Ferd. Hitzig, der Theol. Lic. und ausserordentl. Professor an der Univ. zu Zürich. pp. 692 8vo.

After

An extended review of this commentary is found in several numbers of Tholuck's Litterarisch. Anzeiger for 1834 and 1835. We do not know that any copy of the work has reached this country. The author pursues a different course, in many respects from that taken by Gesenius, whose lexical and historical contributions to the interpretation of the prophecy are of the highest value. As a general foundation for his comentary, Hitzig delineates the Hebrew spirit in its two aspects, as oriental, and as having qualities from a higher source. various remarks on these points, he proceeds to the subject of prophecy, or the prophetic spirit. The first element of prophecy is the promise of the universal extension of the kingdom of God. The spirit of God is to be poured out on all flesh, and priests and servants of the Lord will be gathered from among the heathen. The limits of the revealed religion, instead of the national covenant, will embrace that great community which will have one spirit. The second element of the prophecies is the activity of the prophets as reformers or moralists. A prevailing idea which the prophets hold fast is that Jehovah treats men according to their works. Hitzig perceives a personal element in the Messianic expectations, but he considers that it has no reference to Christ. He limits it to the dynasty of David, and places the highest hopes of the pious in the expectation of a restoration of the house of David. He grounds the right of this explanation on all the prophetical declarations which name David as the mediator and restorer to the theocracy.

6.-Geschichte der Philosophie von Heinrich Ritter, Prof. der Philosophie an der Universität zu Kiel u. s. w. Vierter Theil. 1834. 14 u. 710 s. 8vo.

"With this volume the celebrated author closes his history of the old philosophy, subsequently to which, according to his plan, he will take up the new or the Christian philosophy." "After some general reimarks on the mode of the decline of the old philosophy, the author proceeds to indicate his arrangement for this period. He distributes his matter into two divisions; the first embraces a view of the new Platonic philosophy of Alexandria; the second describes the origin, progress and end of that philosophy, including an account of the termination of the last indications of life in the Grecian philosophy. The first division has two sections. The first section is employed on the history of the pure Greek philosophy, the GraecoRoman, and the Graeco-Oriental during the first two centuries of the Christian era. The second section exhibits the philosophical system of the Hindoos." "He then proceeds to Philo, and gives a tolerably copious account of the theological and ethical notions of this Eclectico-Platonic Jew, who by means of the Platonic ideal system, attempted to unite, according to the manner of the eclecticism then in vogue, the systems of the Stoics and of Aristotle; and by the aid of an allegorical interpretation of the Mosaic writings, endeavored to reduce the religious system of his native land into a philosophical form, so as to harmonize with his representation of the Greek philosophy."

Allgemein. Lit. Zeit. 1835.

7.-Allgemeine Geschichte der Christlichen Religion. Von Dr. August Neander. Dritter Band, Hamburg, 1834.

This volume continues Neander's Church History from the time of Gregory the Great A. D. 590, to the death of Char lemagne, A. D. 814. The author says in his preface: "I herewith present to the public the third volume of my Church History with the remark that I would willingly have brought to an end, in this volume, the controversy respecting images, but on account of the great amount of materials it was thought best to VOL. VIII. No. 23.

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reserve the conclusion of it to the second section of the following period, to which it chronologically belongs. What is contained in the period under review in relation to this schism between the Greek and Roman churches may prepare the way, by means of a genetic exhibition of this controversy, to bring the subject to a conclusion in the following period." The first part or section of this volume contains a history of the relation of the Christian church to the world--and of the extension and limits of the church. A few pages are devoted to an account of the rise of Mohammedanism. The second section treats of the constitution of the church-its relation to the State and its internal organization. The third section takes up the subject of the Christian life and means for its cultivation. The fourth section includes the history of the development of the Christian doctrines. In this section the great controversy between the Greek and Roman churches comes up. Biographical sketches of the leading ecclesiastics with an account of their doctrines are given.

8.-Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, grossentheils aus bisher unbenützen Handschriften und Archiven durch Joseph von Hammer.

As the tenth and last volume of this great work has just been issued from the press we have thought that some account of it might be acceptable to our readers. In the preface to the first volume published in 1827, Von Hammer writes as follows: "Thrity years have now elapsed since John Von Müller advised me to devote myself to the study of history, especially to Oriental, and more particularly to the Ottoman, and thus turn an acquaintance with languages to the higher end of historical investigation and historical writing.* I engaged to do so with the divine permission; well knowing the magnitude of the object, the multitude of materials, the extent of the labor, the difficulty of the preparatory work and of collecting together the necessary materials. The Ottoman empire, crowded with events from its infancy near the close of the middle ages, to its youth, manhood and old age during the three hundred years of

* My first translation from Turkish which was printed, was inserted by John Von Müller in the New German Mercury for July 1796.

modern history, is a great and very remarkable empire, having a kind of universal history, whose fate is involved not only with the adjoining kingdoms of Asia and Europe, but is intimately connected with the European and African States from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, and from the furthest shores of Britain and Scandinavia to the pillars of Hercules and the cataracts of the Nile. A mighty colossus-which, standing with one foot in Asia and the other in Europe, and penetrating both continents by its commercial intercourse, when it first falls into ruins, as is the common lot of all empires, will cover with its remains a third part of the earth. Founded on the ruins of the Eastern Roman empire, the Ottoman power has still to this day a greater extent of territory than the Byzantine at the time of its highest splendor

Of two hundred Turkish, Arabic, and Persian works, which have treated on the Ottoman history either in whole or in part, or which embrace materials for it, only twelve were known to the great English orientalist, Sir William Jones. So far as the public libraries at Constantinople are concerned, there are to be found no more at the furthest than two dozen historical volumes. Thirty long years of toil and expense I have gone through, in efforts to ascertain and purchase the original authorities, or when this was not possible, to get the use of them. For this purpose I have taken up my abode twice at Constantinople, and in my travels through the Levant, have not only examined the libraries and book-markets, but have since, by means of correspondence, sought, with unremitting pains, and obtained historical works, at Constantinople, Bagdad, Aleppo, and Cairo. For the same purpose, I have laboriously examined the libraries at Vienna, Berlin, Dresden, Cambridge, Oxford, the royal library and the library of the Arsenal at Paris, the library of San Marco at Venice, the Ambrosian library at Milan, the Laurenziana and Magliabechiana at Florence, the Museo Borbonico at Naples, the Vatican, the Barberini, and Maria sopra Minerva at Rome, and the uncommonly rich library of the Marsigli at Bologna. Without any means, except my salary, without the aid of Oriental academies or Asiatic societies, without the patronage of the rich and the great, I have persevered for thirty years in my investigations and outlays, in order to bring together a collection of materials for the Ottoman History, such as no library in Europe or in Asia possesses. To the kindness of the last internuncio, Von Lützow, I am grateful for the present of

four excellent historical works; to the unceasing pains of my friend Von Raab, I am indebted for the purchase of many others. To the latter I feel under more obligation, as he has procured for me in the last seven years several works which I had in vain sought for twenty years, and as it is only through his care I have obtained an important classical work, without which my history would have been incomplete. . . . While waiting for the full acquisition of the necessary materials and sources of information, I employed myself in part on the study and arrangement of the works already in my possession, and in part on preliminary investigations of a chronological, geographical and historical character in Ottoman history; so that by means of these studies, by my acquaintance with the people and government, and by my travels and occupations, I might be thoroughly prepared for the accomplishment of my high and prominent object. No accessible historical, Oriental works were left by me unexamined; no Ottoman histories, which could be purchased, were passed by. The results of my topographical, bibliographical, statistical and other historical preliminary labors have been given to the public in part,* while part remain in manuscript."

* Encyklopädische Uebersicht der Wissenschaften des Orients, aus sieben Arabischen, Persischen und Türkischen Werken übersetz. Leip. 1804.

Resmi Ahmed Efendi's gesandtschaftliche Berichte. Berlin 1809. Die topographischen Ansichten auf einer Reise in die Levante. Wien 1811.

Hadschi Chalfa's Rumili und Bosna. Wien 1812.

Geschichte der schönen Redekünste der Osmanen in Eichhorn's Literatur--Geschichte. Gött. 1812. III. B. 2. abtheil.

Des Osmanischen Reiches Staatsverfassung und Staatsverwaltung. Wien 1815.

Die Geschichte der Assassinen aus Morgenlandischen Quellen. Stuttgard 1818.

Umblick auf einer Reise nach Brusa und dem Olympus. Pest 1818.

Türkische Gesandtschaftsberichte, in dem Archive für Geographie, Historie, Staats--und Kriegskunst 1822.

Uebersicht der Geschichtschreiber der Osmanen, im Archive für Geographie, Historie, Staats--und Kriegskunst 1822.

Bibliographisch-kritische Uebersicht der in Europa über osmanische Geschichte erschienenen Druckwerke, im selben Archive 1823 bis 1826.