New Madrid. the villages of Mount Lebanon, Lebanon Springs, Tildens, New Lebanon Center, West Lebanon, and New Britain. The Shaker village of Mount Lebanon is inhabited by nearly 600 persons owning about 4,000 acres of land, which they industriously cultivate, and store their produce in 8 barns, one of which, built of stone, is 196 × 50 ft., and said to be the best in the country. They live in 8 dwelling houses, and have 26 workshops, 2 seed establishments, saw and grist mills, and manufactories of chairs, brooms, and baskets. A kind of cider apple-sauce is made and largely exported. They are specially occupied in preserving garden seeds and preparing extracts of roots and herbs, the annual pro duction being about 200,000 lbs. They have a laboratory, and a large meeting-house. Lebanon Springs is a summer resort noted for its thermal springs, the largest of which discharges 16 barrels of water per minute, with a uniform temperature of 73° at all seasons. It supplies what the bathis require, and the water-power for 3 mills, which are run the year round. It has a number of first-class hotels. In the town is a factory where thermometers and barometers are made, said to be the first established in the United States. It has also an extensive manufactory of medicines, with a glass-factory under the same management. The manufacture of vinegar is among the industries, and it has several churches, public schools, a young ladies' seminary, etc. Pop. '90, 1765. NEW LE'ON, named from the missionary Diego de Leon, one of the states of Mexico. It is traversed by the rivers Salado, San Juan and Del Tigre; has an area of 23,592 sq. m.; pop., estimated, '93, 294,000. The surface is generally mountainous, the soil fertile, and the climate healthy. Lead, gold, silver, and salt are found within its limits. The natural resources of the state have suffered in their development by many military disturbances. The capital is Monterey, and other chief towns are Florida, Saltillo, and Lanares. NEW LONDON, a co. in s.e. Connecticut, bordering on Rhode Island, and bounded s. by Long Island sound and the Atlantic, and s.w. by the Connecticut river; drained also by the Thames, Yantic, Shetucket, and Quinnebaug rivers; intersected by the New York, New Haven and Hartford, the New England, and the Central Vermont railroads, and by several of their branch lines; about 687 sq. m.; pop. '90, 76,634, chiefly of American birth, includ. colored. The surface is very hilly, but not rugged; the soil is only moderately fertile; oats, Indian corn, potatoes and dairy products are the staples; the sloping hills give excellent pasturage for cattle. Extensive granite quarries are found near New London. Water-power is furnished in abundance by the streams, and there are extensive manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, furniture, flour, articles of india-rubber, paper, fish oil, and other productions. Co. seats, New London and Norwich. NEW LONDON, city, port of entry, and one of the co. seats of New London co., Conn.; on the Thames river about three miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound, and on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford, the New England, and the Central Vermont railroads; 51 miles e. of New Haven. The city was founded in 1646 under the name of Naumeag; received its present name in 1658; and was incorporated as a city in 1784. It is on the w. bank of the river, at the foot and on the slope of hills that rise behind it, and has an excellent harbor, defended by Fort Trumbull (garrisoned) and Fort Griswold (not garrisoned), the latter the scene of a massacre by British troops in 1781. On the east side of the river and above the city is a U. S. naval station. The city contains a public park, Williams memorial institute for girls, Bulkely school for boys, public library, New London County historical society library, hospital, gas and electric light plants, electric street railroads, and national, state, and savings banks. It has direct communication with New York city by steamboat; waterworks supplied from Lake Konomoe, 5 miles distant; about 12 churches; and daily, weekly, and quarterly periodicals; and large summer hotels. The principal industrial establishments are silk mills, woolen mills, shoe factory, iron foundry, cotton gin factory, printing press works, and boiler and machine shops. New London was formerly one of the noted whale fishery ports. The river is here crossed by the longest drawbridge yet constructed, completed in 1890. The city has an assessed property valuation of over $9,300,000; owns the waterworks plant and the Groton ferry; and continues to import foreign merchandise in considerable quantities. It is a delightful place of residence, and a popular resort in summer. Pop. '90, 13,757. NEW MADRID, a co. in s.e. Missouri, having the Mississippi river for its s.e. boundary, separating it from Kentucky and Tennessee; the Little river for its s.; and drained by White river; 620 sq. m.; pop. '90, 9317, chiefly of American birth, includ. colored. Its surface, now diversified by swamps, prairie land, and bayous, was considerably lowered in the central portion by the earthquake of 1811-12, forming a large lake. It has another lake in the w portion, and its soil is very fertile. Corn and pork are raised, and there is good pasturage for live stock. Co. seat, New Madrid. NEW MADRID, city and co. seat of New Madrid co., Mo.; on the Mississippi river and the St. Louis Southwestern railroad; 37 miles s. w. of Cairo, Ill., and 280 miles s.e. of Jefferson city. It was settled in 1780 by Spaniards from Louisiana, and has suffered severely from earthquakes, nearly all of the original town having been destroyed by them. The city is in the rich corn-growing region of the state, and has a large river commerce in grain, corn, lumber, live stock, and market produce, much of which is shipped down the river to southern cities. It has manufactories of lumber, public high school, several churches, and weekly newspapers. Pop. '90, 1,193. NEW MALTON. See MALTON. NEWMAN, EDWARD, 1801-76; b. England; founded the Entomological Magazine in 1833, and the Entomologist in 1840. In the latter year he began business as a printer and publisher in London, retiring in 1869. He edited the Zoologist in 1843, and the Phytologist in 1844. He published a History of British Ferns, 1840; The Insect Hunters, or Entomology in Verse, 1858; A Dictionary of British Birds, 1866; Illustrated History of British Moths, 1869; and Illustrated History of British Butterflies, 1871. His researches were specially devoted to the study of insects injurious to vegetation. NEWMAN, FRANCIS, d. 1660; b. England; settled in New Hampshire in 1638, and afterwards removed to Connecticut. He was secretary of New Haven colony in the administration of Gov. Theophilus Eaton, and was an assistant in 1653, in which year he went to Manhattan as a commissioner for the colony to demand reparation from Gov. Stuyvesant for damages inflicted upon the New Haven people by the Dutch. He was one of the commissioners of the confederation of colonies in 1654 to 1658, and succeeded Eaton as governor in the latter year, retaining the office till his death. NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM, brother of John Henry, was b. in London in 1805, and educated at the school of Ealing. Thence he passed to Worcester college, Oxford, where he obtained first-class honors in classics and mathematics in 1826, and, in the same year, a fellowship in Baliol college. This fellowship, however, he resigned; and he withdrew from the university in 1830, at the approach of the time for taking the degree of M.A., declining the subscription to the 39 articles which was required from candidates for the degree. After a lengthened tour in the east he was appointed classical tutor in Bristol college, 1834. In 1840 he accepted a similar professorship in Manchester New college, and, in 1846, his great reputation for scholarship and his general accomplishments led to his being appointed to the chair of Latin in University college, London, which he held till 1863. During all this time he was not only an active contributor to numerous literary and scientific periodicals, and to various branches of ancient and modern literature, but he also maintained a leading part in the controversies on religion, in which he took the line directly opposite to that chosen by his elder brother, being no less ardent as a disciple of the extreme rationalistic school than John Henry Newman of the dogmatical. These opinions, and the system founded upon them, form the subject of his well-known work, Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History of my Creed (1850); and of many essays in the Westminster, Eclectic and other reviews; but he was also the author of very many separate publications. Of these, several regard the controversy to which we have referred-as, Catholic Union; Essays Towards a Church of the Future (1844); A State Church not Defensible (1846); a History of the Hebrew Monarchy (1847);" The Soul, its Sorrows and Aspirations (1849). Others are on political or social topicsas, Radical Reforms, Financial and Organic (1848); The Crimes of the House of Hapsburg (1851); Lectures on Political Economy (1857); Europe of the Near Future (1871). A large number are devoted to historical, classical, and scientific subjects, the most important of which are Contrasts of Ancient and Modern History (1847); Regal Rome (1852); translations into "unrhymed meter" of the Odes of Horace (1853), and the Iliad of Homer (1856); a treatise on Difficulties of Elementary Geometry; Handbook of Arabic (1866); Orthoepy (1869); an English-Arabic Dictionary (1871); Early History of Cardinal Newman (1891), etc. In view of the eminence attained by each of the brothers, it is interesting to note that after a separation of forty years on account of their differences in religious matters they became entirely reconciled. He d. in 1897. NEWMAN, HENRY RODERICK, b. New York City, abt. 1833. He gave up the study of medicine, to become an artist, at the age of eighteen years. His talent immediately won recognition, and Emerson and other men of note took an interest in his early career. He went to France, 1870, and after traveling through Switzerland, settled in Venice, 1871, and later removed his studio to Florence. Ruskin has expressed admiration for his art. “Venice,' "Tuscan Spring," the "Florence Cathedral," and the "Gulf of Spezia," are his most elaborate works; all of these water-colors (his favorite medium). NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY, D.D., was b. in London, Feb. 21, 1801, and educated at the school of Dr. Nicholas, at Ealing, whence he passed in 1816 to Trinity college, Oxford, of which college he became a scholar by competitive examination in 1818. Having graduated in 1820, he was elected fellow of Oriel college in 1822, where he attracted the notice of Dr. Whately, and was by him employed in the preparation for publication of his well-known Treatise on Logic, and introduced to the editor of the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, to which he became a contributor. He was ordained in 1824; and in the fol lowing year, his friend Dr. Whately having been appointed head of St. Alban's hall, Newman was by him selected as his vice-principal; but on being named tutor in his own college in 1827, as also public examiner, he resigned the vice-principalship. In 1828 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Oxford, in which church the sermons which he delivered at a late period had an extraordinary influence in forwarding the religious movement with which his name is permanently associated. At this period Newman was an earnest antagonist of the Roman Catholic church. He was one of those who Newmarket. transferred their support from sir Robert Peel to sir Robert Inglis on occasion of the former's introducing the Roman Catholic relief bill; and he was one of the most active in commencing and carrying on the so-called Oxford movement-the great object of which was to counteract as well the Romanizing as the dissenting tendencies of the time, by restoring and bringing into notice what Newman and his friends believed to be the Catholic character of the English church. With this view he commenced, in 1833, the series known as the Oxford Tracts, to which he was himself one of the chief contributors; and in 1838 he also became editor of the British Critic, which was an organ of the same views, and, in conjunction with Drs. Pusey and Keble, of a Library of Translations from the Greek and Latin Fathers. He continued the publication of the tracts up to the 90th number, which was written by himself, and the tendency of which was so distasteful to the Anglican authorities that the heads of houses at Oxford condemned the tract, and the Bishop of Oxford called on Newman to discontinue the publication-a request with which he at once complied. The British Critic continued for some time longer to advocate the same opinions but in 1843 that publication also was discontinued; and Newman, who had for some time resided at Littlemore, near Oxford, engaged, in company with some of his more youthful adherents, in study and ascetic exercises, thenceforward confined himself chiefly to his Littlemore residence, and eventually, in Oct., 1845, was admitted into the Roman Catholic church, a step which was immediately followed by the publication of a work on the Development of Doctrine, which was intended as an explanation of the process through which the writer's own mind had passed. Soon afterwards Newman repaired to Rome, where, after some preparation, he was admitted to orders in the Roman Catholic church; and in 1848, on his return to England, he established a branch of the congregation of the oratory of St. Philip Neri, of which he was himself appointed the superior. In 1852 he was appointed rector of the Catholic university established in Dublin, an office which he held for five years, afterwards returning to Birmingham, which he made his home, and in connection with which he established a school of higher studies for the youth of the Roman Catholic religion. In 1879, he was made a cardinal. He was sharply criticised for his withdrawal from the Anglican communion to the church of Rome. In reply to these attacks, especially to the comments of Charles Kingsley, he wrote his Apologia pro Vita Suâ, in which he gives a complete record of his spiritual life. Dr. Newman, in addition to the large share which he had in the publications already named, is the author of several very important works, written as well before as after his withdrawal from Anglicanism. Of the former period are his History of the Arians; Prophetical Office of the Church; The Church of the Fathers; an Essay on Miracles; a Translation of the Treatises of St. Athanasius, with many learned dissertations, and several volumes of sermons. To the latter period belong the Development of Christian Doctrine; Lectures on Catholicism in England; Apologia pro Vitâ Suá; Letter to Dr. Pusey; Essay on Assent; and Letter to the Duke of Norfolk on Mr. Gladstone's Expostulation (1875). Newman is also the author of two religious tales, Loss and Gain and Callista, and of some fine hymns. He was made a cardinal deacon of the church in 1879: died Aug. 11, 1890. NEWMAN, JOHN PHILIP, D.D., b. New York, 1826; educated at Cazenovia seminary, and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was for some years pastor of the Metropolitan church of that denomination in Washington, and was chaplain of the U. S. senate, 1869-74. Gen. Grant sent him to Asia as an official inspector of consulates, and he published two books describing his travels. He was pastor of Methodist churches in Washington and New York city; of a Cong. church in New York, 1882-84; in 1888 was elected bishop of the M. E. church. NEWMAN, SAMUEL, 1602-1663; b. England; educated at Oxford, graduated in 1620, and became a minister of the established church. In 1636 he came as a Puritan to Dorchester, Mass., remaining there about a year and a half, when he removed to Weymouth, being settled there five years. In 1644 with several members of his church he went to Seconet, then a small settlement, and established a church, founding a community out of which grew the town of Rehoboth, formerly including Seekonk and Pawtucket. He is called "the first minister of Rehoboth" where he continued his labors till his death. His Cambridge Concordance, a valuable work, was first published in 1643, a new addition appearing in Cambridge in 1683, and a fifth much improved edition was published in London, 1720. NEWMAN, SAMUEL PHILLIPS, 1796-1842; b. Mass.; son of Mark H., the publisher; graduated at Harvard college, class of 1816. In 1824 he accepted the chair of Latin and Greek languages and literature in Bowdoin, remaining there fifteen years, when he was appointed superintendent of a state normal school, which position he held at the time of his death. He published Elements of Political Economy, The Southern Eclectic Readers, and a Practical System of Rhetoric, the latter reaching sixty editions in this country and in Europe, and six editions in London. NEWMARKET, a parish and market-t. of England, famous for its horse-races, is situated in a valley 15 m. e.n.e. of Cambridge, and is partly in the county of that name and partly in Suffolk. It contains many well-built and elegant houses, the residences in many cases of gentlemen who are drawn hither from their interest in the turf. The market-house and the famous jockey club are the chief edifices. The town owes its prosperity to the horse-races, and nearly the half of the population are jockeys, grooms, trainers, or stablemen. The race-course of Newmarket, upwards of 4 miles in length, is New Orleans. owned by the jockey club. It is said to be the finest in the world, and the trainingground bears a similar character for excellence. There are eight race-meetings held here annually. See HORSE-RACING. Population, 6,200. NEW MEXICO, a s. w. territory of the U. S., is situated between lat. 31° 20′ and 37° n.; long. 103° 2′ and 109° 2′ w.; bounded on the n. by Colorado; on the e. by Oklahoma territory and Texas; on the s. by Texas and Mexico; on the w. by Arizona; length from n. to s. on the e. side, 345 m. ; on the w. side, 380 m.; breadth from e. to w. on the n. line, 330 m.; on the s., 352 m.; land area, 122,460 sq.m.; gross area, 122,580 sq.m., or 78,451,200 acres. HISTORY.-The aboriginal inhabitants, Aztecs or Toltecs, lived in walled cities, had manufactures of cotton and wool, cultivated and irrigated the soil, and were worshippers of idols. In 1537, 1539, and 1540, the Spanish adventurers, Alvar Nuñez, Marco de Niza, and Coronado, visited the region, and in 1581 capt. Francisco de Bonillo, with a party, explored more thoroughly, named the undefined territory N. M., and reported so favorably that it was decided to establish colonies and missions. In 1598 a settlement was made at San Gabriel, about 30 m. n. of Santa Fé, under Juan de Oñate, which was abandoned in 1605, and Santa Fé founded. Mines were opened, but the Pueblo Indians, who were forced to work them, revolted, and in 1680 drove the Spaniards from the country. They regained their power, however; reoccupied Santa Fé in 1694; built Santa Cruz de la Cañada in 1695, and by 1717 had erected 11 churches. In 1706 Albuquerque was founded. In 1846, during the war between the U. S. and Mexico, a force under Gen. Stephen Kearny invaded N. M., and on Aug. 18 captured Santa Fé. In 1848, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, N. M. was ceded to the U. S.; in 1850, Sept. 9, was organized as a territory, and in 1853 the region s. of the Gila, known as the Gadsden purchase, was annexed. Arizona and parts of Colorado and Nevada were included at that date, but in 1861, 1863, and 1866 parts were set off, and the territory reduced to its present limits. Since 1861 persistent efforts have been made to secure statehood, and an enabling act was passed by congress in 1894. TOPOGRAPHY.-N. M. is composed of lofty plateaus, crossed by mountain ranges, enclosing broad and fertile valleys. Two divisions of the Rocky Mts, are prominent : that on the e.. and the higher, ending abruptly near Santa Fé; the western, or Sierra Madre range, passing through in a series of lower and often detached mountains (Guadalupe, Org in, etc.) to join the Sierra Madre range of Mexico. High table-lands, isolated peaks, and deep cañons characterize the western side, and in the s.c. is the Staked Plain, a broad and lofty plateau. The Rio Grande valley descends from an elevation of nearly 6000 ft. near the Colorado border to 3000 ft. in the s. Several mountain peaks have an elevation of 12,000 ft. The chief rivers are the Rio Grande, which crosses from n. to s.; the Pecos, which flows in a nearly parallel course to join the larger stream in Texas; the Gila, which rises in the Rocky Mts. and crosses Arizona, and the Canadian, an affluent of the Arkansas. GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.-Palæozoic sandstones and carboniferous limestones, broken through by the upheaval of syenitic rocks and underlaid by tertiary and cretaceous strata, are the chief features of the central part of N. M.; exposed beds of marl and gypsum are commonly seen, and sandstone strata overlaid by lava. The oldest mining districts are the Old and New Placers, Pinos Altos, Arroya Hondo, Cimmaron, Mangano and Moreno, tracts in the Organ Mts., and also in the Sierras Blanca, Carriza, and the Magdalena Mts. The most available of all these that contain gold are those of the New Placer district, which are about 38 m. from Santa Fé. There are deposits of silver at Pinos Altos and elsewhere in the Magdalena Mts. Copper also is found in these regions, and one mine in the first named has yielded as high as 9000 lbs. of metal a week. Lead occurs in the Pinos Altos mines, in the Organ Mts., and elsewhere. Iron and salt are abundant in several districts. Anthracite coal of fine quality is mined in the Placiere Mts., s.s. w. of Santa Fé, bituminous coal in the cañons of the cretaceous plains, and lignite coal in the n. Among other products are gypsum, fire-clay, plumbago, cement, mineral paint, marbles of various kinds, and turquoises. ZOOLOGY.-The wild animals are the mountain sheep, elk, deer, antelope, wild hog, panther, ocelot, lynx, grizzly, black, and Mexican bear, coyote, gopher, rabbit, hare, beaver, skunk, weasel, etc. The vulture, hawk, goose, turkey, swan, quail, and duck are commonly seen; also the white heron, road runner, logcock, raven, California woodpecker, ruffed humming-bird, and Carolina wren; centipedes, scorpions, and horned toads are not rare. BOTANY.-N. M. is sparsely wooded. On the mountains pine, spruce, and fir are found. Lower down grow the cedar, nut pine and mesquite; occasionally the oak, ash, maple, and walnut. Cottonwoods and sycamores are the most common trees. There are many species of yucca and cactus. CLIMATE, SOIL, AND AGRICULTURE.-The temperature is mild, being seldom below the freezing-point, and rarely rising to extreme heat, owing to the elevation of the surface. The sky is usually clear, and the atmosphere so dry that meat can frequently be preserved a long while without salt. Iron and steel also rarely rust, though exposed continually day and night. Inflammations and typhoid fevers occasionally prevail in the winter season, but pulmonary diseases are rare and malaria does not exist. The mean temperature at Santa Fé is 50.54° at Fort Craig, 60.37. The average annual rainfall is about 10 ins. The soil of N. M. is very productive, and but for somewhat primitive |