- Jewish testimonies - Greek accounts of India - Chinese ac- counts of India - Persian accounts of India - Arab accounts of Akbar European accounts of India - St. Francis Xavier-Filippo Sassetti - Roberto de' Nobili-Heinrich Roth - Scholars of the eighteenth century. - Père Calmette- Père Pons-Paolino da S. Bartolomeo - Marco della Tomba- E. Hanxleden - Asiatic Society of Calcutta-Similarity between Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin - Père Coeurdoux - Halhed - Sir - The founders of Comparative Philology - The proper place of Sanskrit in the Aryan family-The position of Provençal among the Romanic languages - Genealogical classification - English and Anglo-Saxon · Continental Saxon, Low German — Frisian - Dutch, Flemish, Old Frankish-High German - No Proto- teutonic language — Ulfiias — Gothic- Scandinavian - The Edda - Italic class - Hellenic class Celtic class Windic class- Albanian-South-Eastern division - Indic class - Iranic class Was Zoroaster a historical character? - Was Zoroaster the author of the Avesta ?- Pehlevi - Kurdish - Baluchi Language of 307-312 Radical and formal elements - All cases originally local – The root AR-The root SPAS-Classes of roots - Number of 325-384 Families and classes of languages — Distant relationship — Mor- The five classes of the Ural-Altaic family- Samoyedic, Tun- Hunfalvy's classification - - Budenz's classification Donner's classification - Finno-Ugric family - Spreading of the Finno- Ugric languages-Geographical distribution-The Fins and their literature The Ests and their literature - Finno-Ugric philo- 406-442 Taic languages - Bhotiya languages - Languages of Farther India — Languages of the Caucasus — Egypt — Sub- The exhaustive character of the morphological classification Common origin of languages - Language and race Comparative philology - Biblical genealogies - Formal relationship of lan- guages - True meaning of the problem of the common origin of The problem of the origin of language - Man and Brute Language, the barrier between man and brute - Roots-The Bow-wow and Pooh-pooh theories - The Primum cognitum - Adam Smith Leibniz-The Primum appellatum - Reason ERRATA. P. 349, 1. 5, for dōsi read dōsein P. 360, 1. 1, for er-jan read er-ian P. 446, 1. 22, for Malayalan read Malayalam P. 447, 1. 7, for Bhunis read Bhumij THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. CHAPTER I. THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE A PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Name of the Science of Language. HE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE is a science of very THE modern date. We cannot trace its lineage much beyond the beginning of our century, and it is scarcely received as yet on a footing of equality by the elder branches of learning. Its very name is still unsettled, and the various titles that have been given to it in England, France, and Germany are so vague and varying that they have led to the most confused ideas among the public at large as to the real objects of this new science. We hear it spoken of as Comparative Philology, Scientific Etymology, Phonology, and Glossology. In France it has received the convenient, but somewhat barbarous, name of Linguistique. If we must have a Greek title for our science, we might derive it either from mythos, word, or from logos, speech. But the title of Mythology is already occupied, and Logology would jar too much on classical ears. We need not waste our time in criticising these names, as none of them has as yet received that universal sanction which belongs to the titles of |