phatic and sanguine men are always fine examples of manhood, but soon after fifty years of age become liable to diseases resulting from fatty degeneration. In order to utilise the preceding description of temperaments, I had drawn out a table exhibiting the diseases to which each is most liable, but upon revision, before despatching it for the present number of the Anthropological Review, I discovered some errors which could not be corrected without more minute information than the Registrar General's reports afford. As the required particulars have not yet come to hand, I must content myself with giving results which can be arrived at upon such data as are available, omitting the details with regard to causes of death. To find the following estimation of the relative value of life in individuals of each temperament, I have taken North and South Wales, Monmouthshire, Cornwall, and the Scotch counties. of Inverness, Aberdeen, Perth, and Argyle, with a united population in 1861 of 2,202,975, as representatives of the nervous temperament, and they may also be taken as the standard for females. The West Midland counties of England, viz., Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire, with a population of 2,436,568, as representatives of the Saxon and lymphatic temperament; and Lincolnshire, the three Ridings of Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Westmorland, with a population of 2,685,906, to represent the Scandinavians and sanguine temperament, forming altogether 7,325,449, or more than one third of the inhabitants of Great Britain, if we exclude the mixed community in London. I have not been able to calculate the relative life value of the bilious temperament in the same way, as it is distributed generally throughout Great Britain. It is, as already stated, most common along the south coast of England, but even there its representatives are not sufficiently massed for local statistics to afford reliable information. I have therefore placed it as accurately as I could from my own observation. The nervous temperament is tolerably pure in the areas taken. I have superadded the death rate in Ireland. First, among 2,253,436 Celts (with a slight admixture of the bilious temperament), who inhabit the three western districts, and, secondly, in 3,545,531 partially Teutonised Celts, living in the other five divisions of the island. Although the death rate in the first three divisions is low, it is equal to what ought to be the normal mortality, viz., 14 or 15 deaths per 1,000 living. I do not, however, intend founding any arguments upon its near accordance with what is assumed to be the healthy death rate, for there having been only one report issued as yet for the sister isle, many deaths were doubtless unrecorded. The West Midland counties of England are selected as the lymphatic area, because 2,400,000 Saxons cannot be found equally pure in any other part of England. The South Midland, or south-eastern counties, or picked counties out of each might have been taken, but the former contains so many of Danish ancestry, and the latter a large proportion of Belgian descent, that an adequate number of pure Saxons could not be had for comparison with the other temperaments. There are more Celts in the West Midland counties than the average in the rest of England; but this only tends to improve the longevity of the Saxon counties, and will make their death-rate a better guide to the life value of the most common mixture of temperaments in England, namely, the nervo-lymphatic. It will also aid in counteracting the high rate of mortality in Birmingham (26 in the 1,000). The sanguine constitution is likewise considerably modified by a large admixture of the lymphatic in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and by a diffuse Celtic population; this again will help to rescue it from a still higher deathrate, and will be advantageous in rendering the result more like what we find in a town, or mixed population. The association with a healthier people also serves as a correction of the high death rate in Leeds and Sheffield. Death-Rate of the Temperaments, exhibiting the Number of Deaths in each out of 1000 living, in 1867, from the Registrar-General's Reports for Great Britain (last Reports).* Deaths per 1000 of the population, both sexes. Nervous Temperament.-In the three western divisions of Ireland, 14.216 In Eastern and Midland divisions, Celts, associated and baptised with Teutons... 17.800 In Wales, Cornwall, Monmouthshire, Inverness, Aberdeen, Perth, and Argyle... 19·999 Bilious Temperament.-Throughout Great Britain (estimated)...... 20-400 Lymphatic Temperament.-In the West Midland counties........ 20.905 Sanguine Temperament.-In Lincoln, Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Westmorland.. Average death-rate for the year 1867, England Average death-rate for England for the last 22.999 21.977 22.420 Supposing the Irish returns to be correct, three more Teutonised Celts, and six more British Celts die per 1,000 annually than among the Western or purest Celts. But, taking the British Celts as the standard for the nervous temperament in England, 1978 less per 1,000 died in 1867 than in all England; 401 less than the bilious; * Corrected according to increase of population since 1861. 906 less than the lymphatic; and 3.000 less than the sanguine. According to the Carlisle tables, I make the expectation of life at 30 years of age, The representative divisions selected having only four large towns, their united death rate averages 702 per 1,000 less than that of all England; therefore, to calculate the expectation of life for a resident in a populous or unhealthy town, it would be necessary to deduct six years from that given above, more or less, according to the temperament, and other circumstances. The proportion of deaths in each of the temperaments, of 65 years and upwards, tends to substantiate the above estimate. Nervous Temperament in Ireland 277·5 in every 1000 deaths are over 65 yrs. Nervous Temperament in Britain 263 دو are over 65 yrs. Exception may be taken to the foregoing tables, in consequence of the conditions of life not being the same in each of the areas selected to represent the temperaments, therefore no dependence can be placed in the results; that to be accurate in conclusions of such moment, individuals should be nicely chosen, living in the same place, equal in age, and social position, &c. To these reasonable objections I would reply that, from the nature of the inquiry, exactitude cannot be obtained, but I have endeavoured to come near it. I have given some attention to the meteorology, geology, manufactures,* and other cir * In the Celtic area, lead and copper miners, aged 30, have about six years shorter expectation of life than the English average; slate quarrymen four to five years less; coal and iron miners, two years; iron workers, one year. Flannel weavers, on the contrary, rather exceed the expectation. In the West Midland counties, potters and glass-housemen three years less than the average; miners, two years; iron workers, one year; while silk and other weavers live two and a half years beyond the Registrar-General's estimate for all England. In the Scandinavian districts, at the same age, the shortest lived are the razor, knife, fork, and scissor grinders and file cutters of Sheffield. Next come the mill operatives and blacksmiths, three years less than the average; miners, two years; spinners, one year; mill-wrights and wool workers, better than the expectation. Woollen weavers have two and a half years longer expectancy than all England, or about three and a half years more than the area as a whole. cumstances which would affect the health of the representative areas, and do not think that much advantage rests with any one of them. In the matter of population, e.g., the Celtic is the rarest, and the Saxon the densest; but whatever benefit might accrue to the Celt from the sparseness of habitations is counteracted by over-crowding, viz., by the greater number of families in a house and in a room than in the other districts. Where there is no overcrowding, density of population alone does not produce a high rate of mortality (more than 20 in the 1000). London, with 3,082,372 souls located on 78,000 square acres-i.e., 39 persons to the acre-has the same death-rate as the sanguine area, with 2.4 acres to each individual. I may add that I have studied the temperaments in the north, south, east, and west of England and Scotland, also on the Continent, and that a table which I have spent much time in preparing relative to temperamental health, taken exclusively from urban populations, shows congruous results with table p. 27. I have, however, preferred taking the Registrar General's reports as the basis on which to form conclusions. Should my view of the derivation of temperaments as seen in Britain not be accepted, I would still ask credence to the life value assigned to each temperament. All the calculations have been made from an average of both sexes. Females are better lives than males, their average death-rate for the last 30 years being 21.51, against 23.33 per 1,000 males. After 30 years of age females may be calculated to be about equal in regard to life expectation with the nervous temperament. QUATREFAGES ON THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.* A CURIOUS and interesting result is recorded at p. 307 of the examination of heads found in the fosse of the Morgue, most of them being those of suicides, which exhibited superior characteristics, and to the passage we must refer the reader. The shape of the skull is alluded to as indicative of the character of the race. We are, however, subsequently told," Much more marked (accidentée) than the skull, the face affords observations still more numerous. Each of its traits merits our attention, if we were writing an elaborate (detaillé) work. . . * Continued from page 239, No. xxvi. In the craniometrique tables of M. Pruner-Bey, eleven measures are attributed to the face, properly so called, not comprising the forehead." (P. 309.) "The head and the face together supply other characters of great importance to be regarded" (d'une appréciation moins délicate), (p. 307.) After a discussion respecting the radical cranial difference between men and monkeys, we are told that as regards the difference between men and women, "everything else being alike, the brain of the woman is a little less heavy than that of the man, and M. Broca has shown that it is so also at all the different ages of life." (P. 323.) It would be important as well to ascertain and to demonstrate, which a minute and careful inquiry might effect, the actual and essential difference, if any, between the precise texture, and the temperament also, of the brain of those of different sexes, and to trace its direct influence on the character of both. This should be pursued in the case of animals, especially the larger ones, as well as of man. Probably the difference would be found pretty nearly analogous to the difference in the respect alluded to of the general natural frame. But this is matter of conjecture only, and the subject is too important by far, alike to the physiologist and the anthropologist, and possibly to the jurist as well, for us to be satisfied with any but the most conclusive facts that can be obtained. Comparisons between the brains of negroes and those of Europeans are subsequently instituted (pp. 326-330). In the section on "reports of the brain relative to intelligence," it is inquired whether "certain points are not more or less exclusively reserved for the exercise of each of the intellectual faculties, and up to what point of intelligence is the development of the material organs, which serve for those manifestations, either together or in detail?. . . . In general one seems to accord a certain intellectual superiority to man when the head presents a marked (prononcé) development." (P. 334.) Gall and Spurzheim are, however, condemned for "the application they have made of the principles" of the science, while "the principle itself" is pronounced to be "independent of that application, and ought to be regarded as true to an extent which yet remains to be determined." (P. 335.) On the subject of the exercise of the mind, it is remarked with truth, and which experience and observation will serve to establish, that "attention, however rapid, is successive, and not simultaneous." (P. 336.) In regard to what has been erroneously termed the faculty of language,—a term made use of by phrenologists more especially,M. Dalby, we are told, has well remarked, in reference to the nervous system connected with the leading functions of a living being, seeing that the brain is not an organic creator of ideas, but an organic |