Mound" or its vicinity. 5. It has been said that the "Big Mound" must be artificial because so many things have been found in it. Instead of so many, the wonder is that so few were brought to light when it was dug down and carted off. No pieces of pottery, no remains pointing to the agency of fire, no remarkable specimens of Indian ornaments or implements except a few arrow-heads common wherever the aborigines roamed-nothing, indeed, more than has been found in thousands of Indian graves in similar localities elsewhere. 6. If the remains of this mound are evidences of its artificial character, then much stronger ones can be found in favour of a similar origin for the bluffs of the Mississippi and Illinois. The fact that the "Big Mound" was terraced on the eastern side proves nothing, for equally as curious and regular terraces may be found on almost any large water-course in the west flowing through similar soil. Evidently then, if we would establish any proof that this mound was artificial, we must bring forward better evidence than any found in it."

IN Ausland for January 1st is a very interesting representation of a rough sketch of a mammoth (Elephas primigenius), found on a bone of the mammoth itself, exhumed from the Madeleim cave, in the department of Dordogne.

ANTHROPOPHAGI.—We learn from the Institut of the 24th January that M. Quatrefages has presented a note to M. Garrigon on certain bones of man that he has found in a cave, and which have been split longitudinally, apparently to permit them to be used for various domestic purposes. He cites them as constituting an additional proof that the prehistoric races, who were dwellers in caves, were anthropophagous.

FAUNA OF ROUND ISLAND.-The remarkable discovery has been made by Sir H. Barkly, Governor of Mauritius, of four species of snakes and several species of lizards, on Round Island, a small island, twenty-five miles from Port St. Louis, and separated by a sea only four hundred feet deep, no animals of that description being natives of the Mauritius. The flora was also found to be, to a great extent, specifically distinct.-The Academy.

A SCLAVONIAN ACCOUNT OF CREATION.-The current issue of the Literary Society of Prague includes a volume of popular tales collected in all the Sclavonian countries, and translated by M. Erben into Czech. We extract the shortest: "In the beginning there was only God, and he lay asleep and dreamed. At last it was time for him to wake and look at the world. Wherever he looked through the sky a star came out. He wondered what it was, and got up and began to walk. At last he came to our earth; he was very tired; the sweat ran down his forehead, and a drop fell on the ground. We are all made of this drop, and that is why we are the sons of God. Man was not made for pleasure; he was born of the sweat of God's face, and now he must live by the sweat of his own: that is why men have no rest."

AT the forty-third meeting of the German Scientific and Medical Society at Innspruck, in September last, Dr. Karl Vogt (of Geneva) summed up the main results of the recent Congress of Paleontologists at Copenhagen. After vindicating the place of Primeval History as one of the exact physical sciences, he divided the subject under three headings. 1. The Age of the Human Race.-There is no longer any doubt that man existed in Europe— probably the latest peopled part of the world—at a time when the great southern animals, the elephant, mammoth, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, were found there, which are now extinct. Even where no human remains or tools have been found, the acute researches of Steenstrup have found traces of man by distinguishing the bones which have been gnawed by animals from those which show signs of having been split by man for the sake of the marrow, or otherwise handled by him. It is equally certain that posterior to the advent of man the Straits of Gibraltar, of Dover, and the Dardanelles, as well as Sicily and Africa, were still united by isthmuses; the whole Mediterranean area was separated from Africa by a sea in the basin of Sahara; the Baltic was a sea of ice covering the whole of the low levels of North Germany and Russia, and cutting off Finland, Sweden, and Norway, into what would have been an island but for its junction with Denmark. The astonishing researches of Lartet in France, of Fraas in Germany, and of Dupont in Belgium, have proved that this period was succeeded by another, in which men hunted in the countries of Central Europe the reindeer and other arctic animals, in an arctic climate, and surrounded by an arctic flora. We may also speak with confidence of the migrations of these primæval races; the human contemporaries of the most ancient animals, the mammoth, the cave-bear, and the cave-lion, can only be traced in the western and southern parts of Europe. In Central Europe and Switzerland, their remains are unknown. In the "reindeer period", again, we find man in Switzerland and in Suabia; but no trace of him in North Germany and Denmark. 2. The growth of primeval civilisation is shown by the striking similarity of the tools dug up in caves of the "reindeer period" in the South of France with those of the Esquimaux and Greenlanders collected in the Museum at Copenhagen. Our primeval Europeans were, no doubt, savages in the fullest sense, even those with a white skin being distinctly inferior, so far as we can make out, to the lowest type of modern savage, the Australian. They were cannibals, as has been lately shown by researches in Copenhagen. The lake villages in Switzerland, on the other hand, show that agriculture and the pastoral life flourished whilst the metals were still unknown, and that the introduction of them was connected with barter and trade. We are acquainted at present with a number of primeval manufacturing localities, and of the commercial routes which were used in the rudest times. It can be shown, moreover, that our civilisation came not from Asia, but from Africa; and Heer has proved that the cultivated plants in the Swiss lake villages are of African, and, to a great extent, Egyptian origin. 3. The Corporeal Development of Man, and the different families, kinds, and races of men, have been far less investigated than the corresponding divisions of the ape type. In many places, the skulls discovered have been few; but less than a year ago a whole cemetery of more than forty human skulls and skeletons, belonging to the "reindeer period", was discovered near Solutri, in France. We, therefore, now have considerable material for arriving at conclusions respecting primeval man of this period. There can be no doubt that man approaches more nearly in bodily conform

ation to the animal, and especially his nearest relative, the ape, the lower his stage of culture. As time goes on these characteristics gradually vanish, the forehead becomes more upright, the skull higher and more dome-shaped, and the projecting countenance gradually recedes under the skull. These changes are the result of man's conflict with his circumstances, and to the mental labour which that conflict entails.

Menot Zend 128, 29)

THE

ANTHROPOLOGICAL

REVIEW,

A Quarterly Journal of Anthropological Science and Literature.

CONTENTS:

1. Mr. Freeman's Dutchmen.

2. Dr. Murray on Temperaments.

3. Quatrefages on the Progress of Anthropology.

4. Transactions of the Section for Anthropology and Ethnology at the Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians.

5. International Congress for Archæology and History.

6. Dr. King on Artificial Deformities of the Cranium.

7. The Idea of Life. Virchow-Claude Bernard.

8. The Origin of the English. Pike v. Nicholas.

9. Dr. Beddoe on the Anthropology of Devon and Cornwall.

10. Anatomical Examination of a Bushwoman.

11. The Chief Races of Mankind.

12. Foreign Anthropological Literature, 1868-69.

13. Anthropological News.

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