considerable distance, nearer to the eye, than those in which the spectator is supposed to stand. Another and more general view of the Patio de los Leones, is in fine perspective, and conveys a very accurate idea of this splendid court.

compa

"The Palace of the Generalife, from the Casa de Chapi," is a very delightful peep of a castle-crested mountain, through a very beautifully-embellished window, at which Mr. Lewis's fair nion has fallen asleep, with her inseparable appendages, the guitar and work-basket, resting behind her. “The Torre de las Infantas," a magnificent apartment, or rather suite of apartments, with galleries, pendant roof, and covered with ornament, is tenanted by an old basket-maker, who sits in the foreground of the picture, with his dog beside him. Around the walls hang divers symptoms of such bodily occupants, in the shape of hams, meat, &c. One would almost expect to hear the walls quote Shakspeare, and exclaim "To this complexion must we come at last!" The light in this drawing is well managed, and the distances not too near.

"The Alhambra, from the Alaméda del Darro," we mentioned at the commencement of our notice, and with that the volume ends. If our censure appear harsh to any, we beg them to understand it is the high esteem in which we hold Mr. Lewis's productions generally, which has induced us regretfully to comment upon what seems to us a falling-off, both in the feeling and execution of his works.

Roscoe's Wanderings through North Wales. Parts 7, 8, 9. Tilt, London; Wrightson and Webb, Birmingham.

We have heartily to thank the intelligent "wanderer" for leading us, by his eloquent descriptions, again through many a wellknown, and beautiful, and beloved scene, fraught with the characteristic grandeur and romance of our ancestral country. Right gladly do we hail his periodical challenge to a ramble among our old mountain-friends; and while our own hands are holding the after-records of his journeyings, by our "ain fireside," our spirits are with him on the crest of Snowdon, or in the lonely and ruined Tower of Dolbadern; we gaze with him on the now mouldering, once mighty, fortress of Dinas Bran, and all its by-gone glories seem to invest the hoary pile; we hear, in fancy, the PoetLover's harp, beneath the lofty bower of his high born ladye, and were almost expecting a glance of her graceful form, when some rude interruption suddenly aroused us from our imaginary wanderings, and we turned to the exquisite portraits of our ancient friends which this elegant work presents to us.

The two views of Caernarvon Castle are admirably chosen, and contrast well the present and the past. The one by Cox, showing the many-towered pile standing out in strong relief against the bright-sunset sky, is peopled with beings of the present days. of reality and labour: a rail-road for the conveyance of slate to the vessels moored by the quay, carts and waggons passing to and

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fro, and numerous figures all busily employed, render it a faithful transcript of Caernarvon as it is. In Cattermole's grand and romantic picture, the moon is partially tinging the towers and battlements of the Castle, and gleaming on the steel morions, glittering spears, and heavy armour, of the warrior train entering the gateway, with their rich banners unfurled, and trumpets sounding shrilly in the quiet night, as the stone steps of the bridge ring with the tread of the mail-clad host. It is a glorious imagining of the by-gone time. "The Trifaen Mountain," and " Llanilltyd," are very accurate and good pictures. "St. Asaph" is a pretty landscape, of the Creswick school; but the artist (Mr. Wrightson) would do well, when he finds so many jackdaws spotting the view, like a lady's sprigged gown, to thin their ranks somewhat, if not murderously, at any rate artistically. "Penrhyn Castle," by Cox, is a most lovely scene of wood, vale, and mountain, crowned with the lofty trees of the modern-antique castle, and giving us a refreshing peep of the opposite shore of Anglesey, and the intervening Menai Strait, all basking in the quiet sunniness of a summer's day. Conway," by Cox, is a distant view of the Castle, but a very effective one, with one of the strong, tower-flanked gateways of the town-wall in the foreground. These remains of the ancient fortifications, once so jealously guarded with gates and portcullises, now form merely picturesque entrances to the town; and greatly do they increase its romantic beauty, as the spirited plate before us bears ample testimony. Of the wild rocky pass of "Nant Frangon," we have a fine effective view, by the same talented artist. The detachment of foot-soldiers winding along the Simplon-like road, adds greatly to its living and picturesque appearance. The distant mountains, the torrent springing down their rocky sides, and the cattle browsing in the valley, make altogether a very lovely picture of true Welsh scenery. In the three numbers, now before us, of these pleasant wanderings, we meet but one of Creswick's delightful landscapes; it is his view of "Bettws y Coed:" we look, and might almost walk, down the village-street, and, passing the stage-coach now stopping at the inndoor, wend onwards a long ramble among those grand heaven-pointing mountain-ranges, piled, crag above crag, into the very clouds, and receiving, at the same time, sunlight and showers. There is a most happy feeling pervading all Creswick's landscapes; they are all nature, but nature in her happiest moods and expressions: he paints her often like a young beauty, with the tears glistening in her eyes, yet radiant with a sudden smile of triumphant joy. Here, the passing shower has just swept over the village, and every tree is sparkling in the gleamy sunlight poured on its dropping leaves. Nor is this effect in any degree diminished by the engraver, who has" done his spiriting" most gently, and succeeded in retaining in this, as in most of the other plates, the grace and individuality of the master. It is, indeed, evident that all the talent engaged on this admirable work, is of a very high order.

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SCIENTIFIC MISCELLANEA.

LIGHT PRODUCED BY FRICTION AND CRYSTALLIZATION. The light emitted during the attrition of some substances, such as quartz, has been attributed to the intense heat which is produced by the friction; a temperature sufficient, as is well known, to actually fuse the abraded particles. But how are we to account for the luminous appearance of loaf sugar, or of tartaric acid, when broken-is the light electrical? We can scarcely suppose it to be so, when wet crystals of sulphate of potash are rendered luminous by being shaken in a phial. Light is, also, emitted during the spontaneous fracture of crystals in the act of crystallizing. If three or four gallons of a hot solution of sulphate of soda be decomposed by carbonate of potash, and the whole set aside in a dark place, during the crystallization of the sulphate of potash, on the surface of the liquor the scintillations are so brilliant as to resemble particles of gunpowder, ignited by being thinly scattered upon a surface of heated iron. E. W. B.

FAMILY CONCERTS.-In most families in England where music is taught, it is the custom for every individual, male and female, to receive instructions on the piano, and each practises in separate rooms, or, at least, at different times. If, instead of this, one were to learn the harp, another the piano, a third the violin, and the rest the tenor, violincello, flute, &c., what delightful concerts might take place within the family circle, and far greater pleasure would fall to the share of both performers and listeners, from these domestic concerts, than where each takes his solitary practice, to the great annoyance, perhaps, of all the rest. There is, probably, nothing more prejudicial to the 'divine art' in England, than the prevailing custom of learning only the piano-and that but indifferently. If the organ and organ music had the attention paid to them which they deserve, great improvement might reasonably be expected.

COLOUR PRODUCED IN ORGANIC MATTER BY CHLORINE.-It is well known that chlorine destroys the colour of organic matter, but we were scarcely prepared to find that it developes colour in some white organic substances. The wings of the whole of the white indigenous Butterflies, comprehended in Stephens' genus Pontia, are rendered, by chlorine, of a beautiful deep pink colour. This effect is not produced by either muriatic or nitric acids, neither does the experiment succeed with any of the other white lepidopterous insects on which it has been tried. The colour developed on the wings of P. rape, or the small white, is deeper than upon those of the other species; and it is immaterial whether the insect has been lately captured, or has been an ancient inmate of the cabinet. The experiment is readily tried in the following manner :-Attach the insect to a piece of cork fixed on the inside of a tumbler, and invert the glass, for a minute or two, over a little

red lead, moistened with muriatic acid. The insect, unchanged in appearance, is then to be replaced in the drawer of the cabinet, and, in the course of a few hours, it changes to a beautiful pink. If the specimen be too long exposed to the action of the gas, the colour will not be developed ; and the pink colour produced by one exposure, is entirely destroyed by a second. E. W. B.

Herschel, who is now at the Cape of Good Hope, has turned his attention to meteorological subjects, and has moved "The African Literary and Philosophical Institution" to request the assistance of its correspondents, and of all who may have leisure and inclination for observations of the kind, in any part of the world, to make simultaneous registers of the barometer, thermometer, and other meteorological instruments, and of the winds and weather; likewise, the temperature of the earth at small depths, say ten or fifteen feet. He proposes, in addition to the daily register, that four days in each year should henceforth be especially set apart; and that the shewings of the different meteorological instruments should be registered every hour throughout the twenty-four successive hours of those stated days-viz., the 21st of March, the 21st of June, the 21st of September, and the 21st of December. The plan and modes of procedure are published in a small pamphlet of seventeen pages, which is printed for private distribution.

BICARBONATES OF SODA AND POTASH. Rose has shewn that bicarbonate of soda, when in solution, is reduced, by removing the pressure of the atmosphere, to the state of sesquicarbonate; and that bicarbonate of potash, though not affected by exposure in a vacuum, in the crystalline state, is also, decomposed, if in solution.

CHLOROUS ACID.-It has been a subject of discussion among chemists whether bleaching powder consists of chloride of lime, or of a mixture of chlorite of lime with chloride of calcium. Balard, in an able paper, advocates the latter theory. He has not succeeded in procuring chlorous acid directly, from bleaching powder, but has isolated it, by pouring a mixture of red oxide of mercury with twelve times its weight of water, into vessels filled with chlorine: rapid absorption takes place. The fluid, separated by filtration and distilled in vacuo, furnishes weak chlorous acid, which proves to be constituted of two volumes of chlorine, and one volume of oxygen. He confirms the statement of M. Morin, that, by the decomposition of the bleaching chlorides, either by time or by heat, twelve atoms of oxygen are disengaged; whilst seventeen proportionals of the chloride of the metallic base, and one of the chlorate of the oxide remain.

PRODUCTS OBTAINED IN ORGANIC ANALYSIS.-Some of the foreign chemists, by treating the cyanurets with various agents, have obtained several singular compounds, differing widely in their appearance and properties. These, if the contrary were not previously known, might reasonably have been supposed to exist in the substance under examination. These facts

raise a doubt as to whether some of the substances obtained in organic analysis, are not formed during the processes employed in performing the analysis. A Royal Society of Sciences has been established at Antwerp, and, though it has existed only six months, it already boasts of many eminent names of foreign literati among its members-such as Alex. von Humboldt, Charles Dupin, Dr. Pariset, Alexander de la Borde, De Candolle, Magendie, Hufeland, &c., &c.—Foreign Quarterly Review.

M. Azeglio, director of the Royal Gallery of Paintings at Turin, is publishing representations of the finest pictures in that collection, engraved by some of the most eminent Italian artists. The work will form eighty numbers, of four plates each, in folio. The illustrative text accompanying them, will be furnished by M. Azeglio himself.—Ibid.

THE ARTS AND ARTISTS IN FRANCE.-According to a French scientific publication, there are now in France 82 museums, 160 schools of the fine arts, 2,231 artists, whose names have been made eminent by their works. This number of artists consists of 1,096 painters, 150 sculptors, 113 engravers, 263 architects, and 309 draughtsmen. In Paris itself there are no less than 35 schools of the fine arts, 20 museums, 773 painters, 106 sculptors, 102 engravers, 195 architects, and 209 draughtsmen. Total, 1,385 artists.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

SHORTLY will be published, "The Romance of Flowers." The work will consist of highly-finished coloured engravings, with poetical illustrations, and apposite extracts from the old poets. The drawings and original illustrations, by Louisa Anne Twamley, author of “Sea-Side Thoughts," and other poems.

A History of British Quadrupeds, by Thomas Bell, F. R. S., F. L. S., &c., uniform with "Yarrell's British Fishes," will shortly appear.

Mr. Thomas Turner, of Manchester, is preparing for publication, Researches on the Organization, Functions, and Diseases of Membranous Secreting Textures, with original plans, &c.

The first number of the British and Foreign Medical Review is announced for publication on the first of January, under the editorship of Dr. Forbes and Dr. Conolly, and to be continued quarterly.

A History of English Literature, critical and philosophical, by Mr. D'Israeli, is announced.

Shortly will be published, the Literary Remains of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, edited (with the permission of Mr. Coleridge's executor) by Mr. Henry Nelson Coleridge.

Observations on the Present State of the Deaf and Dumb in Great Britain, shewing the great increase of the calamity, and pointing out the most approved means for its removal, together with a new mode of education, by the Rev. W. Fletcher, F. R. A. S.

Dr. J. L. Bardsley, of Manchester, is preparing a second volume of his Hospital Facts and Observations.