subject, a muscular male, shewed also a high and large origin of the pronator radii teres in common with the brachialis anticus."

"Palmaris longus, with inverted belly and double origin, the additional one (tendinous) from the oblique line of the radius above the flexor sublimis. Given off from it also is the flexor brevis minimi digiti. A precisely similar arrangement of this very uncertain muscle not before recorded. A somewhat similar arrangement found in the Cebus and Magot."

"Striking abnormality seen in two male subjects on both sides. A long tendon, with bulky, muscular belly above, arising from the outer condyloid ridge of humerus with the extensor carpi radialis longior, and inserted in one case into the base of the first metacarpal bone and origin of the abductor pollicis, and in the other passing entirely into the latter muscle. Not before recorded.

"Extensor primi internodii pollicis et indicis.-Arising by a distinct belly above the indicator, going along with that muscle, and giving off two tendons, one to be implanted outside the indicator tendon, and the other to supply the place of the extensor primi internodii pollicis. Not before recorded in the human subject. Found in the dog."

"In a hand from the subject before given in 9 and 17, all the dorsal interossei were arranged in two portions easily separable. In the first interosseous space the abductor indicis was very distinctly divided into a posterior part, arising in the usual manner, and inserted into the base of the first phalanx; and an anterior, arising from the first metacarpal, and inserted partly (by a small slip) into the second metacarpal, but chiefly (by a very distinct tendon) into the dorsal expansion of the common extensor tendon of the index. Not before recorded in the human subject. A similar arrangement found in the gorilla and other simiæ."

"Separation of the anterior fibres of the gluteus minimus into a distinct muscle homologous with the scansorius of Traill, or invertor femoris of Owen, found in the orang and others of the ape tribe."

"Peroneus quinti digiti.—In most instances a tendinous, but in one a fleshy offset from the peroneus brevis, below the outer ankle-bone to the expansion of the common extensor tendon of the little toe. Very frequent in the human subject, usual in the apes."

Tibialis anticus tendon divided into three parts, going respectively to the inner cuneiform, base of metatarsal, and first phalangeal bone of the great toe. The last-mentioned offset not before recorded. Similar arrangement in the quadrumana."

"Abductor ossis metatarsi quinti.—A distinct muscle found by the author in more than one-half of the subjects in which he has looked for it, concealed by the outer part of the plantar fascia and abductor minimi digiti muscle, arising from the outer tubercle of the os calcis by a round fleshy belly, and inserted into the base of the fifth metatarsal by a distinct round tendon. Not before observed in the human subject. Found in the gorilla and chimpanzee by Huxley and Flower.

"Opponens minimi digiti.-Very commonly found, though not de

scribed in anatomical text-books. Arises tendinous from the ligament of the fifth metatarsal and cuboid, and inserted in a bipennate way into the whole length of the fifth metatarsal bone. Found well developed in all the apes."

The consideration of these and many other interesting abnormalities should be postponed until Mr. Wood's paper shall appear at length in the Transactions of the Royal Society.

A CHRONICLE OF ENGLAND.*

ONE of the most beautiful, as well as the most elegant histories of England is before us, illustrated in a manner reflecting the highest credit on the artist, the chromo-lithographer, and the printer, and equalling the magnificent works of La Croix and Seré, Pugin, or the costly productions of the foreign historiographers, whilst it replaces entirely the Strutt of our fathers, or the costume books of the present day. The style of dress adopted by nations is so legitimately comprised within ethnographical study, and is even so intimately connected with local peculiarities, that the work of Mr. Doyle is undoubtedly within the limits of our criticism. In the British isles, for example, without referring to such broad race distinctions as prevail between the Celtic and Teutonic groups of costume, there exist such local forms of dress as the hat of the Welsh peasant woman, the loose silk kerchief of the factory girl, the flat bonnet ånd short jacket which the Cheviot peasant defiantly wears to distinguish himself from the Scotsman on the other side of the hill, the smock-frock of the majority of agricultural labourers, the diminutive and abbreviated representative of it which is confined to a small district in southeastern Sussex, the Guernsey jacket, the "wide-awake" hat (truly the successor of the petasos of Mercury), or many other articles of clothing which might be suggested.

All these form essential characters of the costume of England, as represented by its poorer classes, at the present day, and from this point of view may be advantageously contrasted with the dresses of the past population, as depicted in the beautiful chromo-lithographs before us. The whole subject is so intimately connected with art, commerce, and even with political partizanship, that it is difficult to consider it from a purely ethnographical basis.

For a most lucid idea of the costume of some of the aboriginal

* A Chronicle of England, B.C. 55-A.D. 1485; written and illustrated by Jas. E. Doyle. London: Longmans. 4to. 1864.

nations of Europe, we must refer to this work. We are so accus tomed to form our conceptions of the "garb of old Gael" from mere outline sketches, destitute of the advantages of colour, that such a plate, for instance, which represents Caractacus in Rome attired in the scarlet and pink braccæ or "trews" gives us a most lucid idea of the dress of this mythical representative of the Siluri. The change which has taken place in the colour of the costume of males in Europe during the last few hundred years is difficult to be accounted for on artistic grounds, though susceptible of easy explanation from the utilitarian point of view. The vivid colours which bedecked the courtier or the cavalier, the superabundance of ornament and decoration which characterised the fashions of the Tudor or the Caroline kings, have long since passed away, and the prevailing sombre tint of man's clothing in the nineteenth century, whilst it is far more convenient and economical, is far less picturesque.

The perusal of this work by anthropologists will originate many suggestive ideas as to the dress of the historical characters of England, and we doubt not that the second volume, which will treat of a subsequent period of English history, will be equally interesting.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES EXTRACTED FROM THE NEW YORK STATE DOCUMENTS.

By GEORGE E. ROBERTS, F.G.S., Hon. Sec. A.S.L.

Ir may easily be supposed that the persons officially connected with the state of New York during the earliest years of its colonisation did not pass over in complete silence the natural characteristics of the aboriginal people with whom they had dealings. And although the scientific leanings of these governors and their staffs of officials were certainly not specially directed in the interests of anthropological science, yet I have been rewarded somewhat for my trouble in wading through 7,000 quarto pages of "Public Records" by the discovery of more than one note having a significant bearing upon the races of Indians which, at the commencement of the white invasion, were lords of the North American continent. The notes I have met with I propose to give as simple extracts, adding a line or two of explanation where needed, feeling sure that to enshrine them in the Anthropological Review will be of interest to its readers, and possibly of use to the science.

I may first remark that these archives chiefly consist of the reports of the Dutch, English, and French governors of the various provinces to their respective governments; these have been collected, grouped, and published in ten (?) quarto volumes, under an act of the American legislature passed in 1839. I have only been able to examine eight of these volumes; but as the one (or two) to which I am unable to refer contains documents subsequent to 1770, I do not think that notes of anthropological value would be met with in them.

During the earlier years of the Dutch occupation of the state, from the first settlement on Manhattan Island in 1626 to about the year 1650, the study of the character of the red man was undertaken mainly to assist the padroons (colonists) in "taking and possessing the land, and swindling the aboriginal man of all his rights thereto; the Incorporated West India Company agreeing to allot to each padroon "twelve black men and women out of the prizes in which negroes shall be found, for the advancement of the colonies of New Netherland." (MS. undated, File West Indie, 1630-35, Archives at the Hague.) Very naturally the Indians objected to being cheated, and a series of cruel conflicts took place, in one of which an act of barbarity was perpetrated by the colonists which even exceeds the tragedy of the caves of Deira. I note it, as it exemplifies the wonderful stoicism and contempt of pain possessed by the red man. A body of Indians, five hundred in number according to one account, seven hundred according to another, being hard pressed by the Dutch soldiers, retreated to their huts, and these being set on fire with a view of dislodging them, preferred to remain therein and be burnt rather than come out and be killed by their enemies. "What was most wonderful," says the States Document, describing this barbarous act, "is, that among this vast collection of men, women, and children, not one was heard to cry or to scream." No wonder that it passed for a common saying among the tribes, "even our devils will have nothing to do with the Dutch !"

The earliest description of the natives which I find occurs in a MS. preserved in the Royal Library at the Hague, written about 1641. "The Indians are of ordinary stature, strong, and broad-shouldered, olive colour, light and nimble of foot, subtle in disposition, of few words, which they previously well consider, hypocritical, treacherous, vindictive, brave, and pertinacious in self-defence, in time of need resolute to die. They have hardly any notion of God, no divine worship, no law, no justice; the strongest does what he pleases, and the young men are masters." I need scarcely remark that some parts of the above description have been proved incorrect by more friendly relationships; their ideas of justice we may admit as considerable,

without regarding the red man as that epitome of human virtue which Mr. Fenimore Cooper once would have us believe.

The States General of the United Provinces, in an Act dated 1661, make mention of the red man in a way which characteristically combines the acute trader with the propagandist-" great profit to be derived from traffique with the natives," reads this document, "who are naturally a mild people, very capable (and by the grace of God) to be drawne out of their blind ignorance to the saving light by Jesus Christ." But the governors of the British provinces held during the seventeenth century lived in far too brittle tenements to justify them in casting stones at the rule of their neighbours the Dutch or the French. Wars with the Indians were the rule rather than the exception during the history of their governance, and various were the reports and conjectures as to the causes of them. A very curious and lengthy report, by Edward Randolph, to the Council of Trade (A.D. 1676) gives some few of the opinions held. "Some impute it (the war) to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianise those heathens before they were civilised;" and then the report proceeds to mention the puritanical decision of the government of Massachusetts, that the "barbarous heathen had commission of God to rise against them," by reason of the "great and provoking evils" of "men wearing long hair, and periwigs made of woman's hair; for women wearing borders of hair, and for cutting and laying out their hair, and disguising themselves by following strange fashions in their apparel; for profaneness in the people not frequenting the meetings, and others going away before the blessing is pronounced." (For this report, in extenso, see Hutchinson's Coll. Orig. Papers, Boston, 1769, p. 477.)

A curious journal is that of Mr. Wentworth Greenhalgh, who "made observations upon the Indians of western New York during a journey begun May 28th, 1677, and ended July 14th following," visiting the natives in their "stockaded towns," and taking divers notes of what he saw. What corn they have, and how many fighting men, appear to have been pet subjects with our old traveller, though he now and then notes social customs, e. g.-"Canagorah: here ye Indians (Senecques, Seneca tribe) were very desirous to see us ride our horses, wch we did; they made feasts and dancing, and invited us yt when all ye maides were together both wee and our Indyans might choose such as lyked us to ly with." At another village of the Seneca Indians, Tiotehatton, an important one, by reason of the number and size of the "houses" (lodges), Mr. Greenhalgh saw fifty prisoners brought in from the south-west, the result of an engagement with a neighbouring tribe, and "this day," he writes, "were