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257. As supplementary to the two last paragraphs, we may state as a general rule, that derivative words take the same prepositions after them as their primitives, unless where the affix of the compound word reverses their meaning thus, we say, "dependent on," but "independent of," "united with," but "disunited from.”

Goldsmith offends in saying, "Catiline was insatiable of wealth;" because we do not say to satiate (the primitive of insatiable) a person of wealth, but with wealth.

258. It is further to be observed, that when two or more clauses are meant to affect a common object, care must be taken to use the appropriate preposition with each; thus, Dr Arnold says, "The citizens of one country could neither intermarry with, nor inherit, nor purchase land from those of any other." Inherit happens to take the same preposition after it as purchase, else it would have required one immediately after it too-all applying to the clause "those of any other."

EXAMPLES.

(255.)

1. Regardless alike of private honour and public faith.—Alison. 2. The curse denounced upon such as remove ancient landmarks, upon those who call good evil, and evil good, falls with accumulated weight on the advocates of modern infidelity.-Hall.

3. Though this be the principal part, and our main care should be about the inside, yet the clay cottage is not to be neglected.Locke.

4. Among other things in this chapter, Grotius determines that neither an unequal alliance, that is, where one party retains great advantages, nor a feudal homage, take (?) away the character of sovereignty. Hallam.

5. The plan of his policy was equally generous and prudent.Hume.

6. Volumes have not only been read, but written in flying journeys.-Channing.

(256.)

7. If I were to pray for a taste which should stand me in stead under every variety of circumstances, and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness to me through life, and a shield against its ills, however things might go amiss, and the world frown upon me, it would be a taste for reading.-Herschel.

8. He preferred" seeking the bubble reputation at the cannon's

mouth," to waiting by patience and combination the tardier honours of the general.—Alison.

9. They are, compared with Aristotle, like the ephemeral demagogues who start up to a power they abuse as well as usurp on the overthrow of some ancient tyranny.-Hallam.

10. The fourteenth century was not in the slightest degree superior to the preceding age.-Idem.

11. On your conduct at this moment depends (?) the colour and complexion of their destiny.-Hall.

(257.)

12. The substitution of Christianity itself for heathenism, undoubtedly accelerated the fall of the Roman empire.-Alison.

13. The same praiseworthy diligence in hunting error to its lurking places, distinguishes the short treatise on the conduct of the understanding.-Hallam.

14. The pride and policy of Sapor prompted him to fill the vacant throne with a successor entirely dependent on his pleasure.-Gibbon. 15. It is to the pure taste of the artists of Southern Europe that their remarkable superiority to those of this country is to be ascribed.-Alison.

(258.)

16. If Spain had been worthy of and capable of discharging its duty to this noble colonial empire.-Alison.

17. France, as the natural consequence of and just retribution for her unjust interference in the North American insurrection, received twenty years of bloodshed.-Idem.

18. Our perception of vice and ill desert arises from and is the result of a comparison of actions with the nature and capacities of the agent.-Butler's Analogy.

19. A name can only be said to stand for or be a name of the things of which it can be predicated.-Mill's Logic.

SENTENCES TO BE CORRECTED.-255-258.

1. A sense of moral obligation prepares men to discharge their duty alike in the shade of adverse as in the sunshine of prosperous fortune.-Alison.

2. Female blandishments never either absorbed his time nor clouded his judgment.-Idem.

3. The natural preference which every man has for his own happiness above that of other people.-D. Stewart.

4. Some were insensible and some were invincible against the assaults of the flesh.-Gibbon.

5. There is, (?) however, in minds more healthfully constituted, a

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belief and a disbelief grounded solely upon the evidence of the case, arising neither out of partiality nor out of prejudice against the supposed conclusions which may result from its truth or falsehood. -Arnold.

6. The name of Suarez is obscure in comparison of one who soon came forward in the great field of national jurisprudence.-Hallam. 7. The war of the Peloponnesus bound the lesser cities to the strictest subordination on the predominant powers.-Tytler.

8. They introduced the taste of science and religion which distinguished Medina as the city of the book.-Gibbon.

9. We find it to have been the custom of Addison to be scarcely ever unprovided of some retreat in the immediate neighbourhood of London.-Lucy Aikin's Life of Addison.

10. This great philosopher, with whom I am always unwilling to differ, refers, &c.-D. Stewart.

11. But I will (?) doubtless find some English person at whom to make inquiries.-Scott.

12. His enemies exclaimed, his friends were offended, at such unusual conduct.-Keightley.

13. The commissioners were empowered to inquire into disorders and crimes of all kinds, and to inflict the proper punishments upon them.-Hume.

14. The posthumous volumes appeared in considerable intervals. -Hallam.

15. Milton uses several images-which bring down the Deity in a manner not consonant to philosophical religion.-Idem.

16. Poetry has the same tendency and aim with Christianity.Channing.

17. These new divines offered salvation upon easier terms, by substituting practice to belief, and a man's own efforts to vicarious satisfaction.-Aikin's Letters.

18. The depraved criminals, seeing so many chances of escape, ceased to have any fears for the uncertain penalties of criminal justice.-Alison.

19. The unskilfulness of the executioners aggravated the horrors of that death of torture which was then the legal punishment of high treason.-Mackintosh.

20. The Portuguese early formed a scheme of excluding all other nations from participating of the advantages of commerce with the east.-Robertson.

21. The admiration of this great poem was unanimous and enthusiastic.-Hallam.

22. The utmost attention was bestowed in the early formation of the mind and character.-Tytler.

23. Austria would greatly have preferred gaining these advan

tages by the weight of her armed mediations than submitting them to the doubtful fortune of arms.-Alison.

24. Vested with almost unlimited power, and often placed in hostility with the aspiring spirit especially of Italian liberalism.-Idem. 25. The protection of Constantine, though well intended, diminished from its purity more than it added to its splendour.-Hall. 26. In adopting it they consult less with their reason than with their vices.-Idem.

27. At Cairo, the soldiers found all the luxuries of the East, which, for a time, compensated to them for their absence from Europe.-Alison.

28. The false theories of the Utopia are more than compensated (?) by the sense of justice and humanity that pervades it, and the bold censures on the vices of power.-Hallam.

29. These observances awakened the indignation of the reformers, who imagined they could not endeavour at suppressing them with too much zeal.-Robertson.

RULE XIV. THE USE OF THAN AND OF.

259. After the comparative degree, whether of adjectives or adverbs, and the adjective other, the conjunction than is used: thus, "Better is a little with righteousness, than great revenues without right;" "This is none other than the house of God." We already (121) saw that the comparative ought not to be used when more than two are spoken about.

260. Of is generally used after an adjective in the superlative; thus, "Solomon was the wisest of men." Franklin was the most judicious of the Americans."

EXAMPLES.

1. The sermons of Tillotson were for half a century more read than any in our language.-Hallam.

2. Nobody can be taught faster than he can learn.-Johnson. 3. They claim no other liberty than what they wish the whole human race to possess.-Hall.

4. No species of superstition was ever more terrible than that of the Druids.-Hume.

5.

For none made sweeter melody
Than did the poor blind boy.

Wordsworth.

6. Jamaica is the largest and most valuable of the West Indian Islands belonging to Great Britain.-M'Culloch's Geog. Dict. 7. The Jerusalem was no sooner published than it was weighed

against the Orlando Furioso, and neither Italy nor Europe have (?) yet agreed which scale inclines.-Hallum.

8. Necessity, the strongest of all laws, will, in every age, confine men to a single wife (?)-Alison.

SENTENCES TO BE CORRECTED.-259, 260.

1. Scarcely had Richard taken up the cross, than his admirers afforded a very notable specimen of the mischievous inequality of chivalrous ethics.-Mackintosh.

2. Some, through vainglory, seek pre-eminence over their fellows, some willing to allow equality, but not to lose what they know to be good for themselves. And this contest can only be decided by battle showing which is the stronger.—Hallam.

RULE XV. THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

261. The Perfect Participle, and not the Past Tense, is used after the verbs have and be. This remark requires to be attended to in using irregular verbs, but in verbs that are regular, no mistake can arise, as both parts are the same. In nothing, we may remark, does defective scholarship sooner betray itself than in a wrong conjugation of the irregular verbs. 66 They had from the beginning began to embrace opposite systems."-Goldsmith. Began ought to be begun. This rule should be particularly studied, and compared with the remarks made in paragraph 258.

262. The verbs have and be are rather liable to be confounded. "I was come" ought to be "I had come." It is impossible to lay down rules for their use, but we shall give examples which should be studied carefully.

EXAMPLES.

1. They threw into the fire the property of the wretched inhabitants, into whose houses they had broken.-Alison.

2. I have taken the liberty of making these remarks.-Hall.

3. The original sense of words is often driven out of use by their metaphorical acceptations.-Johnson.

4. Carthagena was taken after a dreadful siege of four months.Alison.

5. Mr Burke's health had been irretrievably broken by the death of his son.-Idem.

6. The origin of this society has been and will continue to be the subject of strenuous controversy.-Hallam.