Draw out a list of derivatives from the following roots,-duco, pono, mitto, litera, opus, pater, terra, and caput. Form compounds (187) from these words,-coach, road, sea, fire, well, sun, star, way, warrior, sailor, lady, dance, and song. 3. Analyze the following passages, after the example given in 195: There are few personages in history who have been more exposed to the calumny of enemies, and the adulation of friends, than Queen Elizabeth; and yet there is scarce any whose reputation has been more certainly determined by the unanimous consent of posterity. The unusual length of her administration, and the strong features of her character, were able to overcome all prejudices; and obliging her detractors to abate much of their invectives, and her admirers somewhat of their panegyrics, have at last, in spite of political factions, and, what is more, of religious animosities, produced a uniform judgment with regard to her conduct.-Hume. While the nobility of France basely fled on the first appearance of danger, while the higher orders of the clergy betrayed their religion by their pusillanimity, or disgraced it by their profligacy, the dignity of patriotism, the sublimity of devotion, appeared amidst the simplicity of rural life; and the peasants of La Vendée set an example of heroism which might well put their superiors to the blush, for the innumerable advantages of fortune which they had misapplied, and the vast opportunities of usefulness which they had neglected. It was there too, as in the first ages of Christianity, that the noblest examples of religious duty were to be found; and while the light of reason was unable to restrain its triumphant votaries from unheard of excesses, and stained with blood the efforts of freedom, the village pastors and uneducated flocks of La Vendée bore the temptations of victory without seduction, and the ordeal of suffering without dismay.-Alison. Henceforth I learn, that to obey is best, Accomplishing great things, by things deem'd weak And to the faithful death the gate of life: Milton. 4. In the following extract change words of Latin or Greek derivation into others of Saxon origin, as in 196. We sympathize even with the dead, and overlooking what is of real importance in their situation, that awful futurity which awaits them, we are chiefly affected by those circumstances which strike our senses, but can have no influence upon their happiness. It is miserable, we think, to be deprived of the light of the sun; to be shut out from life and conversation; to be laid in the cold grave, a prey to corruption and the reptiles of the earth; to be no more thought of in this world, but to be obliterated in a little time from the affections, and almost from the memory, of their dearest friends and relations. * That our sympathy can afford them no consolation, seems to be an addition to their calamity; and to think all we can do is unavailing, and that what alleviates all other distresses, the regret, the love, and the lamentations of their friends, can yield no comfort to them, seems only to exasperate our sense of their misery.-Adam Smith. * * 5. Trace the etymology of the following words,-examine, discuss, exaggerate, induce, cogitate; diligence, vigilance, caution, valour, virtue, acuteness, sagacity, energy; sincere, cordial, circumspect, crafty, wary, prudent, alert. 6. Give the adjectives of Latin derivation corresponding to the following nouns,-beginning, cat, dog, eye, finger, hand, house, light, nose, ring, sea side, spring, sun, tooth, and whale. 7. Give the etymology of the following words :-Monk, clergy, parallel, autograph, Druid, demagogue, euphony, sarcophagus, chronology, telescope, hemisphere, epitaph, theocracy, anomaly, pano rama. PART III.—SYNTAX. 197. SYNTAX, from two Greeks words ovv (syn), together, and rağıs (taxis), a putting or placing, is that part of grammar which shows how words are connected and arranged. CONSTRUCTION is a synonymous word derived from the Latin. 198. Etymology, we have seen, treats of the materials of language, individual words; but it is the business of Syntax to point out by what rules these words are put together, so as to form sentences. By a sentence is meant a number of words so united as to make sense; that is, to declare or affirm something: thus, the words "name brother's John my is," though individually significant, are not put together in such a way as to convey a meaning, but when they are arranged in this way, my brother's name is John," we have a sentence. In like manner, the words " The city of Edinburgh," do not form a sentence, because they declare nothing; but if we say, "The city of Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland," a distinct assertion is made, and therefore the words form a sentence. 199. We must here remind the reader, that every sentence must contain at least a subject and a predicate, the subject being the thing spoken of, and the predicate the action or state of being affirmed of it. 200. When the verb forming the predicate is transitive, the word which it affects is called the object: thus, in the sentence, "John learns his lesson," John, being the subject of discourse, is in the nominative, and lesson, being the thing affected by the predicate learns, is in the objective case. 201. Sentences are either simple or compound, and consist of various parts, which should be well understood before the rules of Syntax are commenced. "Alexander wept," is a simple sentence, consisting of a simple subject, "Alexander," and a simple predicate, "wept." If we say, "Alexander the Great wept bitterly," the sentence is still considered simple, though both the subject and predicate are modified by other words. But "Alexander the Great wept bitterly, when he had conquered the world," is a compound sentence, because it has in it two predicates, “ 'wept " and "conquered." 202. "Alexander the Great, when he had conquered the world, is said to have wept, because there were not other worlds to conquer." This compound sentence may be divided into three parts. The main clause is, "Alexander the Great is said to have wept," the other two being connected with it; the one, "when he had conquered the world," to show the time when, and the other, "because there were not other worlds to conquer," to assign the reason why he wept." The former may be called a parenthetical clause, and the latter a connective or conjunctive one. Generally, the clause gets its name from the word which intro 66 duces it, but grammarians are not well agreed in the use of terms to describe the different members of sentences. 203. It is of little consequence by what names we call the different clauses, provided we see their relative bearing. Let us consider one passage by way of example :-" If Hannibal had not wintered at Capua, by which circumstance his troops were enervated, but had, on the contrary, after the battle of Cannæ proceeded to Rome, it is not improbable that the great city would have fallen." The principal clause in this complex sentence is the last,—" it is not improbable that the great city would have fallen :" this, however, rests on the conditional clause introducing the sentence, "if Hannibal had not wintered at Capua." To this conditional clause is subjoined an explanatory one, to show in what way the principal clause is affected by the conditional, " by which circumstance his troops were enervated." Opposed to the clause, “if Hannibal had not wintered at Capua," we have the adversative clause, " but had proceeded to Rome," indicating by the conjunction but (194) an opposition between the two things; and, within this clause, we have an explanatory phrase," after the battle of Cannæ," as well as the adverbial expression, 66 on the contrary," which, however, may be considered pleonastic, being sufficiently expressed by the adversative conjunction "but." Each clause, it should be observed, is grammatically complete within itself, yet each modifies the other in such a way that the sense is often suspended to the last. EXERCISE XX. 1. Alfred, thus opposed to an enemy whom no stationary force could resist, and no treaty could bind, found himself unable to repel the efforts of those ravagers who from all quarters invaded him. New swarms of the enemy arrived every year upon the coast, and fresh invasions were still projected. Some of his subjects, therefore, left their country and retired into Wales, or fled to the Continent.-Goldsmith. What is the main assertion in the first sentence, stript of all subsidiary clauses? What is the subject of the clause? The predicate? The object? What clause modifies the subject? Analyze the clause "thus opposed to an enemy whom no stationary force could resist." What is the object of the verb repel? To what does the relative clause "who from all quarters invaded him" refer? Strip the second sentence, in like manner, of all accessory clauses. In the third sentence, what is implied in the word "therefore?" What is the object of the verb left? Does any word qualify the object? What word is joined to left by and? 2. Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit That shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed, Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flow'd 25 I may assert eternal Providence, And justify the ways of God to men. 66 Milton. What part of speech is of? What is the object to the verb sing of? Analyze the object. Show that it consists of seven enumerated particulars. What relative clause refers to heavenly muse ?" What to that shepherd?" What part of speech is first, line 8? To what word does the adverbial clause, " how the heavens and earth rose out of chaos," belong? What is the object of " taught." What is the subject in line 9? What does fast, line 12, qualify? Is there any parenthetical clause in line 14? The object in line 18? What two words qualify it? What is the sense of "for" in line 19 ? The parenthetical clause in line 20? In line 22 there is a word involving both the idea of subject and of object. How is this? What is the sense of that, line 24? The subject, predicate, and object in line 25? What word qualifies the object? How are lines 25 and 26 united? |