bishop Laud be- colony, who were required to be church headed. members. Here we find the seed of the present union of the States. 1646. John Eliot's Mission to the Indians. John Eliot, Englishman, and a student of Cambridge, came to Boston in 1631, became "teacher" of the church in Roxbury, was impressed with the religious needs of the Indians, acquired their language, and preached to them for the first time in what is now Newton, October 28, 1646. The remainder of his life he devoted to the work which was here begun; pursuing it for forty-four years with most fervent zeal. He travelled extensively among the Indians, planted churches, trained up native preachers to assist him in the work, ministered freely of such substance as he had to their wants, translated the Bible into their language, and in short exercised a commanding and inspiring influence upon them in every way. The place of Eliot's burial is not known, but a monument has been erected to his memory at South Natick. Peter Stuyvesant 1647. Governor Stuyvesant. reached New Amsterdam this year under appointment of the Dutch West India Company, as "director-general” of New Netherlands. He found the colony considerably disturbed by reason of Indian hostilities on the one hand, and boundary disputes on the other. He at once vigorously addressed himself to the cure of these troubles, and was in a measure successful, but his administration of affairs was not very popular. Little by little the New England ideas took hold of the New Netherlanders, and when, in 1664, King Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the whole of the territory from the Connecticut River to the Delaware, Governor Stuyvesant was forced to surrender his rule to the expedition sent out to take possession of the province. Thus the Dutch colony of New Netherlands passed under the control of the English, Stuyvesant being its last Dutch governor, and the town of New Amsterdam changed its name to New York. 1637-1648. Church Assemblies. The period enclosed within these two dates was marked by several representative gatherings of the New England Congregational churches, all of considerable importance. The first, the Synod of Newtown, now Cambridge, was held in 1637, mainly for the correction of certain alleged doctrinal errors. The second, held also at Cambridge, in 1646, with successive adjournments to 1647 and 1648, put 1649. Execu forth what is known among Congrega- tion of Charles I., and establishtionalists as the Cambridge Platform, a ment of the Engdeclaration of church discipline. These lish Commontwo synods, or councils, were the first of wealth. the series which has lately developed into the National Council of Congregational Churches. 1650. Sect of 1652. The colony of Maine passed Friends, or "Quakunder the jurisdiction of Massachu- ers," founded in England by George Fox. setts. 1656. Persecution of the Quakers. An attempt was made by the New England Colonies 1653. Oliver to keep out the Quakers, who were be- Cromwell made ginning to come over in considerable Lord Protector of England. numbers. Some were sent back, and John Milton his forbidden to return under pain of death. private secretary. A few who braved this decree were put 1657. Prussia's independence of to death. But in consequence of a re- Poland declared. action in public sentiment this severity 1604-1660. Rembrandt. of treatment was relaxed. 1660. The Regicides. Edward Whalley and William Goffe, two of the judges who tried and condemned tion of the Stuarts to the throne of England, in the person of Charles II. Charles I., fled to America after the restoration. Being pursued, they took refuge in the wilderness. For some time they concealed themselves in a cave near New Haven, and afterward were harbored by a minister of Hadley. Many years after, when a sudden attack upon the latter town by the Indians was in progress, an old, white-bearded man appeared in the midst of the scene, rallied the terror-stricken inhabitants and put the enemy to flight. The mysterious stranger, who was none other than Goffe, then disappeared. 1663. The Grand Model. This was the name given to a constitution framed for the government of a colony projected by the Earl of Shaftesbury, Sir William Berkeley, Sir George Carteret, and several others, to whom Charles II., in consideration of services rendered him, granted the immense tract of land lying between Virginia and Florida. Shaftesbury and John Locke drew up the instrument, which provided for a social structure of truly mediæval description. The Carolinas were settled under this charter. 1664. New Jersey. The territory composing this State belonged originally to the Dutch colony of New Netherlands. With the submission of that colony to the English, under the Duke of York, this southern portion of it was conveyed by him to Sir William Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, receiving its present name out of compliment to the latter, who was formerly Governor of the Island of Jersey in the British Channel. Elizabethtown was settled in 1664, and here Carteret took up his residence a year later. Most of the first settlers of New Jersey came from New York and the New England colonies. 1665. Father Allouez. In this year we find Father Allouez, a Jesuit priest, exploring the region about the Great Lakes and the upper valley of 1665. The the Mississippi, collecting geographical Plague in Londata, and establishing missions among don carries off the Indians. His residence in America nearly 70,000 persons. extended from 1658 for a number of years, until his death. 1666-1675. Marquette and the Mississippi. The second European to explore the Mississippi was Jacques Marquette, a French Jesuit, who came 1666. A great to Canada in 1666, and succeeded Father fire in London Allouez as a missionary among the In- destroys 89 churches, many dian tribes in the vicinity of the Great public buildings, Lakes. He died in 1675 at a spot on 13,000 houses, the Eastern shore of Lake Michigan and lays waste which now bears his name. The years of his residence in the wilderness were largely taken up with exploring expeditions, one of which was the descent of the Mississippi, nearly to its mouth. 700 streets. 1669. La Salle. La Salle was a Frenchman, who came to Canada in 1666, and three years later entered on a series of expeditions through the interior of the continent which, with interruptions of one or two trips home, continued for nearly ten years. He sailed through the Great Lakes in a vessel of fifty-five tons, of his own construction, descended the Ohio River to the point where Louisville now stands, and the Mississippi to its mouth. He finally perished by the hands of his disaffected followers, his plans for a settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi having all miscarried. 1670. The city of Charleston, S. C., was founded about this time, by an English colony under William Sayle. 1675. King Philip's War. The war between the Massachusetts colonists and the Indians, known as King Philip's War, was begun in this year by an attack of the Indians on the town of Swanzey. The colonists at once retaliated, and hostilities continued for some three years, in the course of which a number of battles were fought and many lives lost on both sides. The war ended with the death of Philip. 1681. Pennsylvania. In this year William Penn, a Quaker, received from Charles II. a grant of all the territory now included in the State of Pennsyl 1681. First in London and its suburbs. penny-post set up vania, for the purpose of founding a Christian community dedicated to jus tice, truth, and peace. He sent out three ship-loads of emigrants at once, and followed himself with a large additional number the next year. One of his first acts was to hold a conference with the Indians, with whom he established friendly relations at the outset. Previous settlers upon the territory were treated with the same consideration, and the result was the commencement of his 1683. Discovery colony under peculiarly pleasant and of the famous "Rye House Plot," for the assassination of favorable auspices. The city of Philadelphia was laid out, upon a map, in 1683, and the second provincial assemthe English king. bly was held there the same year. Troubles subsequently arose between Penn and some of the colonists, which resulted in the secession of three counties. This was the origin of Delaware. 1685-1690. Political Troubles. This was a period of considerable political trial to the young colonies. King James of England, minded to restrict the liberties of the New England colonies, sent over Sir Edmund Andros as Governor General, with arbitrary powers for the |