1863. Jan. 1. The President issued the formal Proclamation of Emancipation.

1811-1863. Thackeray. 1863. Prince Alfred of England declared King of Greece, but not permitted by the British Government to

May 3. Battle of Chancellorsville. General Hooker, having succeeded to the command of the Army of the Potomac, attempted another movement upon Richmond. Crossing the Rappahannock at two points, he soon encountered Lee's army, and the battle ensued known accept the crown. as that of Chancellorsville. Hooker was defeated, and his army returned disheartened to its old quarters.

July I. Battle of Gettysburg. Again the Confederate army in Virginia attempted the invasion of the North. This time Lee advanced into Pennsylvania, and the most memorable battle of the war was fought at Gettysburg, resulting in a decisive Union victory. General Meade was in command of the Northern army, having succeeded General Hooker.

July 4. Vicksburg. A brilliant campaign in the South-west, conducted by General Grant, culminated in the surrender of Vicksburg. These two burgs, Gettysburg and Vicksburg, constituted the high-water mark of the Rebellion. From this point the tide turned, and the Union armies closed slowly but steadily in upon the Confederacy. July 8. Port Hudson surrendered to General Banks. August 20. Guerillas under Quantrel destroyed the town of Lawrence, Kansas. - September 19. Battle of Chickamauga.

November. West Virginia admitted to the Union: 35th State.

1864. The Austrian Archduke

1864. March 8. General Grant was commissioned Lieutenant-General of the

armies of the United States.—May 3. Maximilian acGeneral Grant, at the head of the Army of Mexico, under cepts the throne of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan, the auspices of headed for Richmond. This was the France.

beginning of that most memorable campaign, which ended in the capture of the capital of the Confederacy, the surrender of Lee's army, and the end of the war. — May-September. General Sherman's campaign in Georgia, resulting in the surrender of Atlanta. - September — October. General Sheridan's exploits in the Shenandoah Valley.

November 8. President Lincoln re-elected for a second term.

November 16. General Sherman began his "march to the sea," which resulted in the capture of Savannah, December 21.

Nevada admitted to the Union: 36th State.

1865. January 16. Capture of Fort Fisher.- Feb. 18. Charleston, South Carolina, entered by General Gillmore. - March 17. The Confederate Congress adjourned sine die. - April 2. General Lee's lines around Petersburg gave way before General Grant. — April 3. Capture of Richmond.-April 9. General Lee formally surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House.

April 14-15. Assassination of President Lincoln. On the evening of the 14th the President attended Ford's Theatre, Washington, and was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, who shot him with a pistol presented close to his head from behind, as he sat in his private box. Mr. Lincoln's consciousness immediately left him, and he died the following morning in a private house across the street, whither he had been removed. This assassination was part of a plot for the extermination

of all the chief officers of the civil government, Secretary Seward being also the object of a murderous assault. Eight of the conspirators were arrested, tried, and variously punished.

IX.

THE NEW ERA.

XVII. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

ANDREW JOHNSON, of Tennessee, President: April 15, 1865–1869.

On the death of Mr. Lincoln, Vice-President Johnson succeeded to the Presidency. The war being virtually at an end, the chief work which fell to the new administration was that of reconstruction. President Johnson's policy as respected this work led to a serious conflict with Congress, and for this the period is to be mainly remembered.

May 10. Jeffer

April 17. President Johnson made a speech in which he was understood to announce a rigorous policy toward the leaders of the Rebellion. - April 26. General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman. son Davis captured.-May 14. The President issued a proclamation granting a conditional amnesty to all persons engaged in the late Rebellion, with the exception of fourteen specified classes. - On the assembling of Congress in December, great hostility was developed to the reconstruction policy of the President, and a joint committee of fifteen was appointed to have charge of all questions concerning the return of the lately rebellious States.

1866. February 22. In a speech before the White House the President planted himself in open hostility to Congress. April 2. The President 1866. War beissued a proclamation declaring the tween Prussia Rebellion at an end.-June 3. Fenian and Austria. invasion of Canada. - July. Telegraphic communication permanently restored between America and England. — December. By act of Congress the right of suffrage without distinction of color was conferred in the District of Columbia, and the granting of the same 1866-1867. Garight made a condition of the admission ribaldi heads a of new Territories. These measures were movement upon Rome. strenuously opposed by the President.

1867. February. Nebraska admitted to the Union: 37th State. March 2. In spite of the

1867. The President's veto, Congress passed an French evacuate act creating five military districts out of Mexico. ten of the late rebellious States, with 1867. The Conmilitary governments for each. The stitution of the North German appointment by the President of comConfederation manders for these districts was followed adopted by the by a widening of the breach between Prussian Chamber of Deputies. him and Congress. — August 12. Secretary Stanton was suspended from office by the President, and General Grant appointed Secretary of War ad interim. Congress subsequently refusing to sanction this act, General Grant promptly resigned the place to 1867. The EmMr. Stanton.-October 18. Formal pos- ian of Mexico peror Maximilsession taken of the new territory of executed at QueAlaska, purchased of Russia.

rétaro.

1868. January 6. The President was censured in the House of Representatives for the 1868. England removal of General Sheridan, commander makes war on of the fifth military district.— February Abyssinia.

1868.

Revolu

tion in Spain. Flight of Queen Isabella.

21. Secretary Stanton was again removed, and General Lorenzo Thomas appointed in his place ad interim. This act was followed by a resolution of Congress declaring that the President had no right to make any such removal; a declaration in accordance with the tenure of office bill, of March 1867. Mr. Stanton therefore declined to vacate his office. - March 25. Resolutions impeaching the President for high crimes and misdemeanors were presented by the House to the Senate.March 23-May 26. Impeachment trial of President Johnson, at the bar of the Senate, with the result of his acquittal by a vote of thirty-five to nineteen. — June. Official reception by the Government at Washington of the Chinese Embassy, headed by Anson Burlingame.

During all this time the quarrel between President and Congress continued unabated, bill after bill being passed over his veto.

July 4. The President proclaimed amnesty to all engaged in the late Rebellion, except those already indicted for treason or other felony. — December 25. The President proclaimed universal amnesty.

XVIII. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION.

ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois, President: 1869-187SCHUYLER COLFAX, of Indiana, Vice-President: 1869-1873. HENRY WILSON, of Massachusetts, Vice-President: 1873-

President Grant's administration, now nearly through a second term, has been distinguished by the carrying forward of the work of reconstruction, the smoothing over of 1812-1870. the scars of war, the nurture of friendly Charles Dickens. relations with other countries, and the

1871. Victor general development of national in

Emanuel makes