Or lightning, thou shalt fall from Heaven, trod down had begun, left it unfinished. Seneca, the philosoUnder his feet: for proof, ere this thou feel'st pher, is by some thought the author of those trage Thy wound, (yet not thy last and deadliest wound) dies (at least the best of them) that go under that By this repulse receiv'd, and hold'st in Hell name. Gregory Nazianzen, a father of the church, No triumph: in all her gates Abaddon rues thought it not unbeseeming the sanctity of his Thy bold attempt. Hereafter learn with awe person to write a tragedy, which is entitled Christ To dread the Son of God: he, all unarm'd, suffering. This is mentioned to vindicate tragedy Shall chase thee, with the terror of his voice, from the small esteem, or rather infamy, which From thy demoniac holds, possession foul, in the account of many it undergoes at this day Thee and thy legions : yelling they shall fly, with other common interludes; happening, through And beg to hide them in a herd of swine, the poet's error of intermixing comic stuff with Lest he command them down into the deep, tragic sadness and gravity ; or introducing trivial Bound, and to torment sent before their time.- and vulgar persons, which by all judicious hath Hail, Son of the Most High, heir of both worlds, been counted absurd ; and brought in without Queller of Satan! on thy glorious work discretion, corruptly to gratify the people. And Now enter; and begin to saye mankind." though ancient tragedy use no prologue, yet using Thus they the Son of God, our Savior meek, sometimes, in case of self-defence, or explanation, Sung victor, and, from heavenly feast refreshid, that which Martial calls an epistle; in behalf of Brought on his way with joy; he, unobserv'd, this tragedy coming forth after the ancient manner, Home to his mother's house private return'd. much different from what among us passes for best, thus much beforehand may be epistled; that Cho rus is here introduced after the Greek manner, not ancient only but modern, and still in use among the Italians. In the modelling therefore of this poem, with good reason, the ancients and Italians are rather followed, as of much more authority and fame. SAMSON AGONISTES, The measure of verse used in the Chorus is of all sorts, called by the Greeks Monostrophic, or rather A DRAMATIC POEM. A polelymenon, without regard had to Strophe, Antistrophe, or Epode, which were a kind of stanzas framed only for the music, then used with the ARISTOT. Poet. cap. 6. Chorus that sung; not essential to the poem, and therefore not material ; or, being divided into stanΤραγωδία μίμησις πράξεως σπουδαίας, κ. τ. λ. zas or pauses, they may be called Allæostropha. Division into act and scene referring chiefly to the stage (to which this work never was intended) is Tragedia est imitatio actionis seriæ, &c. per misericordiam et here omitted. metum perficiens talium affectuum lustrationem. It suffices if the whole drama be found not pro duced beyond the fifth act. Of the style and uniOf that sort of Dramatic Poem which is called formity, and that commonly called the plot, whether Tragedy. intricate or explicit, which is nothing indeed but such economy, or disposition of the fable as may TRAGEDY, as it was anciently composed, hath stand best with verisimilitude and decorum; they been ever held the gravest, moralest, and most only will best judge who are not unacquainted with profitable of all other poems: therefore said by Æschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the three tragic Aristotle to be of power, by raising pity and fear, poets unequalled yet by any, and the best rule to or terror, to purge the mind of those and such like all who endeavor to write tragedy. The circumpassions, that is, to temper and reduce them to just scription of time, wherein the whole drama begins measure with a kind of delight, stirred up by read- and ends, is, according to ancient rule, and best exing or seeing those passions well imitated. Nor is ample, within the space of twenty-four hours. Nature wanting in her own effects to make good his assertion : for so, in physic, things of melancho lic hue and quality are used against melancholy, THE ARGUMENT. sour against sour, salt to remove salt humors.Hence Philosophers and other gravest writers, as Samson, made captive, blind, and now in the prison Cicero, Plutarch, and others, frequently cite out of at Gaza, there to labor as in a common worktragic poets, both to adorn and illustrate their dis- house, on a festival day, in the general cessation course. The Apostle Paul himself thought it not from labor, comes forth into the open air, to a unworthy to insert a verse of Euripides into the place nigh, somewhat retired, there to sit awhile text of Holy Scripture, 1 Cor. xv. 33. ; and Paræus, and bemoan his condition. Where he happens at commenting on the Revelation, divides the whole length to be visited by certain friends and equals book as a tragedy, into acts distinguished each by a of his tribe, which makes the Chorus, who seek chorus of heavenly harpings and song between. to comfort him what they can; then by his old Heretofore men in highest dignity have labored not father Manoah, who endeavors the like, and witha little to be thought able to compose a tragedy. al tells him his purpose to procure his liberty by Of that honor Dionysius the elder was no less am- ransom; lastly, that this feast was proclaimed by bitious, than before of his attaining to the tyranny. the Philistines as a day of thanksgiving for their Augustus Cæsar also had begun his Ajax, but deliverance from the hands of Samson, which yet wable to please his own judgment with what he more troubles him. Manoah then deparis to prosecute his endeavor with the Philistine lords With this Heaven-gifted strength? O glorious for Samson's redernption; who in the meanwhile strength, is visited by other persons; and lastly by a pub- Put to the labor of a beast, debas'd lic officer to require his coming to the feast be- Lower than bond-slave! Promise was that I fore the lords and people, to play or show his Should Israel from Philistian yoke deliver; strength in their presence; he at first refuses, dis- Ask for this great deliverer now, and find him missing the public officer with absolute denial to Eyeless in Gaza at the mill with slaves, come ; at length, persuaded inwardly that this Himself in bonds under Philistian yoke : was from God, he yields to go along with him, Yet stay, let me not rashly call in doubt who came now the second time with great threat- Divine prediction ; what if all foretold enings to fetch him: the Chorus yet remaining on Had been fulfill'd but through mine own default, the place, Manoah returns full of joyful hope, to whom have I to complain of but myself? procure ere long his son's deliverance: in the Who this high gift of strength committed to me, midst of which discourse an Hebrew comes in In what part lodg’d, how easily bereft me, haste, confusedly at first, and afterward more dis Under the seal of silence could not keep, tinctly, relating the catastrophe, what Samson had But weakly to a woman must reveal it, done to the Philistines, and by accident to him- O’ercome with importunity and tears. self; wherewith the tragedy ends. O impotence of mind, in body strong! But what is strength without a double share Proudly secure, yet liable to fall By weakest subtleties, not made to rule, But to subservo where wisdom bears command ! MANOAH the father of Samson. God, when he gave me strength, to show withal DALILA, his wife. How slight the gift was, hung it in my hair. HARAPHA of Gath. But peace, I must not quarrel with the will Public Officer. Of highest dispensation, which herein Messenger. Haply had ends above my reach to know: Suffices that to me strength is my bane, And proves the source of all my miseries ; O loss of sight, of thee I most complain! Blind among enemies, 0 worse than chains, Dungeon, or beggary, or decrepit age! A LITTLE onward lend thy guiding hand Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct, To these dark steps, a little further on; And all her various objects of delight For yonder bank hath choice of sun or shade: Annull’d, which might in part my grief have eas'n! There I am wont to sit, when any chance Inferior to the vilest now become Relieves me from my task of servile toil, Of man or worm; the vilest here excel me; Daily in the common prison else enjoin'd me, They creep, yet see ; I, dark in light, expos'd Where I, a prisoner chain'd, scarce freely draw To daily fraud, contempt, abuse, and wrong, The air imprison'd also, close and damp, Within doors, or without, still as a fool, Unwholesome draught: but here I feel amends, In power of others, never in my own; The breath of Heaven fresh blowing, pure and sweet Scarce half I seem to live, dead more than half. With day-spring born; here leave me to respire.- O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon, This day a solemn feast the people hold Irrecoverably dark, total eclipse To Dagon their sea-idol, and forbid Without all hope of day! Laborious works; unwillingly this rest O first created Beam, and thou great Word, Why am I thus bereav'd thy prime decree! And silent as the Moon, Hid in her vacant interlunar cave. But rush upon me thronging, and present Since light so necessary is to life, Times past, what once I was, and what am now. And almost life itself, if it be true 0, wherefore was my birth from Heaven foretold That light is in the soul, 'Twice by an angel, who at last in sight She all in every part ; why was the sight Of both my parents all in flames ascended To such a tender ball as the eye confin'd, From off the altar, where an offering burn'd, So obvious and so easy to be quench'd ? As in a fiery column charioting And not, as feeling, through all parts diffus'd, Then had I not been thus exil'd from light, To live a life half dead, a living death, And buried; but, O yet more miserable! By privilege of death and burial, From worst of other evils, pains and wrongs ; Or the sphere of fortune, raises ; But thee whose strength, while virtue was her mate. Might have subdued the Earth, Life in captivity Universally crown'd with highest praises. {air Sams. I hear the sound of words; their sense the Chor. He speaks, let us draw nigh.-Matchless in might, At my affliction, and perhaps to insult, The glory late of Israel, now the grief; Their daily practice to affict me more. We come, thy friends and neighbors not unknown, From Eshtaol and Zora's fruiiful vale, [Enter Chorus.) To visit or bewail thee; or, if better, Chor. This, this is he; softly awhile, Counsel or consolation we may bring, Salve to thy sores ; apt words have power to swage Sams. Your coming, friends, revives me ; for I Now of my own experience, not by talk, And by himself given over; How counterfeit a coin they are who friends In slavish babit, ill-fitted weeds Bear in their superscription, (of the most I would be understood ;) in prosperous days Not to be found, though sought. Ye see, O friends, No strength of man, or fiercest wild beast, could Yet that which was the worst now least afflicts me • Who tore the lion, as the lion tears the kid ; Blindness; for had I sight, confusd with shame, Ran on embattled armies clad in iron; How could I once look up or heave the head, And, weaponless himself, Who, like a foolish pilot, have shipwreck'd My vessel trusted to me from above, To a deceitful woman? tell me, friends, Am I not sung and proverb'd for a fool When insupportably his foot advanc'd, In every street ? do they not say, how well In scorn of their proud arms and warlike tools, Are come upon him his deserts ? yet why? Spurn'd them to death by troops. The bold Asca- Immeasurable strength they might behold lonite In me, of wisdom nothing more than mean; These two, proportion'a ill, drove me transverse. [bore Who hast of sorrow thy full load besides : Then by main force pull'd up, and on his shoulders Yet truth to say, I oft have heard men wonder The gates of Azza, post, and massy bar, Why thou shouldst wed Philistian women rather Me, not my parents, that I sought to wed The daughter of an infidel: they knew not Prison within prison That what I motion'd was of God; I knew From intimate impulse, and therefore urg'd She proving false, the next I took to wife (O that I never had ! fond wish too late.) Shut up from outward light Was in the vale of Sorec, Dalila, To incorporate with gloomy night; That specious monster, my accomplish'd snare. For inward light, alas ! I thought it lawful from my former act, Puts forth no visual beam. And the same end; still watching to oppress O mirror of our fickle state, Israel's oppressors : of what now I suffer Since man on Earth unparallela! She was not the prime cause, but I myself, Who, vanquish'd with a peal of words, so weakness) Chor. In seeking just occasion to provoke Thou never wast amiss, I bear thee witness ; Yet Israël still serves with all his sons. Sams. That fault I take not on me, but transfer And hath full right to exempt Whom so it pleases him by choice Of sin, or legal debt ; He would not else, who never wanted means, I's d no ambition to commend my deeds : Nor, in respect of the enerny, just cause, Have prompted this heroic Nazarite, Down, reason, then; at least vain reasonings down; Safe to the rock of Ethan was retir'd; Though reason here aver, Vot flying but forecasting in what place That moral verdict quits her of unclean : But see, here comes thy reverend sire Old Manoah : advise Sams. Ay me! another inward grief, awak'd (Enter Manoah.] Their choicest youth ; they only liv'd who fled. Man. Brethren and men of Dan, for such ye seem, llad Judah that day join'd, or one whole tribe, Though in this uncouth place; if old respect, They had by this possess'd the towers of Gath, As I suppose, towards your once gloried friend, And lorded over them whom they now serve: My son, now captive, hither hath inform'd But what more oft, in nations grown corrupt, Your younger feet, while mine cast back with age And by their vices brought to servitude, Came lagging after; say if he be here. Than to love bondage more than liberty, Chor. As signal now in low dejected state, Bondage with ease than strenuous liberty ; As erst in highest, behold him where he lies. And to despise, or envy, or suspect Man. O miserable change! is this the man, Whom God hath of his special favor rais'd That invincible Samson, far renown'd, As their deliverer ? if he aught begin, The dread of Israel's foes, who with a strength How frequent to desert him, and at last Equivalent to angels walk'd their streets, To heap ingratitude on worthiest deeds! None offering fight; who single combatant Chor. Thy words to my remembrance bring Duell’d their armies rank'd in proud array, How Succoth and the fort of Penuel Himself an army, now unequal match Their great deliverer contemn'd, To save himself against a coward arm'd The matchless Gideon, in pursuit At one spear's length ? O ever-failing trust of Madian and her vanquish'd kings: In mortal strength! and oh! what not in man And how ingrateful Ephraim Deceivable and vain ? Nay, what thing good I pray'd for children, and thought barrenness In wedlock a reproach ; I gain'd a son, Had not his prowess quell'd their pride And such a son as all men hail'd me happy ;In that, sore battle, when so many died Who would be now a father in my stead? Without reprieve, adjudg’d to death, O wherefore did God grant me my request, And as a blessing with such pomp adorn'd ? Our earnest prayers, then, given with solemn hand But God's propos'd deliverance not so. As graces, draw a scorpion's tail behind ? Chor. Just are the ways of God, For this did the angel twice descend ! for this And justifiable to men; Ordain'd thy nurture holy, as of a plant The miracle of men; then in an hour Thy foes' derision, captive, poor, and blind, Into a dungeon thrust, to work with slaves ? Yet more there be, who doubt his ways not just, Alas! methinks whom God hath chosen once As to his own edícts found contradicting, To worthiest deeds if he through frailty err, Then give the reins to wandering thought, He should not so o'erwhelm, and as a thrall Regardless of his glory's diminution; Subject him to so foul indignities, Till, by their own perplexities involv'd, Be it but for honor's sake of former deeds. They ravel more, still less resolv'd, Sams. Appoint not heavenly disposition, father; But never find self-satisfying solution. Nothing of all these evils hath befall'n me As if they would confine the Interminable, But justly: I myself have brought them on, And tie him to his own prescript Sole author I, sole cause : if aught seem vile, Who made our laws to bind us, not himself, As vile hath been my folly, who have profan'd 1 The mystery of God given me under pledge Sam. Father, I do acknowledge and confess To Dagon, and advanc'd his praises high Of idolists, and atheists : have brought scandal Io Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt Mine eye to harbor sleep, or thoughts to rest. Me overthrown, to enter lists with God, Will not connive, or linger, thus provok’d, But will arise, and his great name assert : How openly, and with what impudence Dagon must stoop, and shall ere long receive And with confusion blank his worshippers. these words Against all competition, nor will long Or Dagon. But for thee what shall be done ? Thou must not, in the meanwhile here forgot, Her bond-slave; O indignity, O blot Lie in this miserable lothesome plight, To honor and religion ! servile mind Neglected. I already have made way To some Philistian lords, with whom to treat By pains and slaveries, worse than death, inflicted On thee, who now no more canst do them harm. trouble Shameful garrulity. To have reveal'd Secrets of men, the secrets of a friend, The mark of fool set on his front? But I Man. Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite ; Here celebrate in Gaza ; and proclaim But act not in thy own affliction, son; Great pomp, and sacrifices, and praises loud, Repent the sin; but, if the punishment To Dagon, as their god who hath deliver'd Thou canst avoid, self-preservation bids ; Thee, Samson, bound and blind into their hands. Or the execution leave to high disposal, Them out of thine, who slew’st them many a slain. And let another hand, not thine, exact So Dagon shall be magnified, and God, Thy penal forfeit from thyself : perhaps (Best pleas'd with humble and filial submission, |