Liberty, expressly denies to the General Government all power to deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law; and, therefore, the Government having no more power to make a slave than to make a king, and no more power to establsh Slavery than to establish a Monarchy, should at once proceed to relieve itself from all responsibility for the existence of Slavery, wherever it possesses constitutional power to legislate for its extinction.

5. That, to the persevering and importunate demands of the Slave power for more Slave States, new Slave Territories and the nationalization of Slavery, our distinct and final answer is--no more Slave States, no Slave Territory, no nationalized Slavery, and no national legisla tion for the extradition of Slaves.

6. That Slavery is a sin against God, and a crime against man, which no human enactment nor usage can make right; and that Christianity, humanity, and patriotism alike demand its abolition.

7. That the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is repugnant to the Constitution, to the principles of the common law, to the spirit of Christianity, and to the sentiments of the civilized world. We therefore deny its binding force on the American people, and demand its immediate and total repeal.

8. That the doctrine that any human law is a finality, and not subject to modification or repeal, is not in accordance with the creed of the founders of our Government, and is dangerous to the liberties of the people.

9. That the Acts of Congress, known as the Compromise Measures of 1850, by making the admission of a sovereign State contingent upon the adoption of other measures demanded by the special interests of Slavery; by their omission to guarantee freedom in the free Territories by their attempt to impose unconstitutional limitations on the powers of Congress and the people-to admit new States; by their provisions for the assumption of five millions of the State debt of Texas, and for the payment of five millions more, and the cession of a large territory to the same State under menace, as an inducement to the relinquishment of a groundless claim, and by their invasion of the Sovereignty of the States and the liberties of the people through the enactment of an unjust, oppressive, and unconstitutional Fugitive Slave Law, are proved to be inconsistent with all the principles and maxims of Democracy, and wholly inadequate to the settlement of the questions of which they are clamed to be an adjustment.

10. That no permanent settlement of the Slavery question can be looked for except in the practical recognition of the truth that Slavery is sectional and Freedom National; by the total separation of the General Government from Slavery, and the exercise of its legitimate and constitutional influence on the side of Freedom; and by leaving to the States the whole subject of Slavery and the extradition of fugitives from service.

11. That all men have a natural right to a portion of the soil; and that as the use of the soil is indispensable to life, the right of all men to the soil is as sacred as their right to life itself.

12. That the Public Lands of the United States belong to the People, and should not be sold to individuals nor granted to corporations, but should be held as a sacred trust for the benefit of tho people, and should be granted in limited quantities, free of cost, to landless settlers.

13. That a due regard for the Federal Constitution, a sound administrative policy, demand that the funds of the General Government be kept separate from Banking institutions; that inland and ocean postage should be reduced to the lowest possible point; that no more revenue should be raised than is required to defray the strictly necessary expenses of the public service, and to pay off the public debt; and that

the power and patronage of the Government should be diminished, by the abolition of all unnecessary offices, salaries, and privileges, and by the election, by the people, of all civil officers in the service of the United States, so far as may be consistent with the prompt and efficient transaction of the public business.

14. That River and Harbor Improvements, when necessary to the safety and convenience of commerce with foreign nations, or among the several States, are objects of national concern; and it is the duty of Congress, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to provide for the

same.

15. That emigrants and exiles from the old world should find a cordial welcome to homes of comfort and fields of enterprise in the new; and every attempt to abridge their privilege of becoming citizens and owners of the soil among us, ought to be resisted with inflexible deter. mination.

16. That every nation has a clear right to alter or change its own government, and to administer its own concerns in such manner as may best secure the rights and promote the happiness of the people; and foreign interference with that right is a dangerous violation of the law of nations, against which all independent governments should protest, and endeavor by all proper means to prevent; and especially is it the duty of the American Government, representing the Chief Republic of the world, to protest against, and by all proper means to prevent the intervention of kings and emperors against Nations seeking to establish for themselves Republican or constitutional governments.

17. That the Independence of Hayti ought to be recognized by our Government, and our commercial relations with it placed on the footing of the most favored nations.

18. That as by the Constitution, "the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States," the practice of imprisoning colored seamen of other States, while the vessels to which they belong lie in port, and refusing the exercise of the right to bring such cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, to test the legality of such proceedings, is a flagrant violation of the Constitution, and an invasion of the rights of the citizens of other States utterly inconsistent with the professions made by the slaveholders, that they wish the provisions of the Constitution faithfully observed by every State in the Union.

19. That we recommend the introduction into all treaties hereafter to be negotiated between the United States and foreign nations, of some provision for the amicable settlement of difficulties by a resort to decisive arbitrations.

20. That the Free Democratic Party is not organized to aid either the Whig or Democratic wing of the great Slave Compromise party of the nation, but to defeat them both; and that repudiating and renouncing both, as hopelessly corrupt, and utterly unworthy of confidence, the purpose of the Free Democracy is to take possession of the Federal Government, and administer it for the better protection of the rights and interests of the whole people.

21. That we inscribe on our banner, Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free men, and under it will fight on and fight ever until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions.

22. That upon this Platform the Convention presents to the American people as a candidate for the office of President of the United States, John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, and as a candidate for the office of Vice President of the United States, George W. Julian, of Indiana, and earnestly commend them to the support of all freemen and all parties.

VIII. FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

The increase of public debt is hardly perceptible, being only $425,999; while the decrease in annual expenditures amounts to $13,942,535.

Year Public Debt. Expenditures.

Exports.

Imports.

64,228,238

1849 $64,704,693 $56,386,422 $145,755,820 $147,857,439 1850 44,604,718 151,898,790 178,138,318 1851 62,560,395 48,476,104 218,388,011 216,224,932 1852 65,130,692 46,712,608 209,658,366 212,945,442

IX. OUTLINE OF CONCURRENT EVENTS.

England: The Pope's Bull establishing a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, declared null and void, July 4, 1851.

France Proposal of President to restore universal suffrage, rejected by the National Assembly, Nov. 13; Louis Napoleon, by a "coup d'état" dissolved the Assembly, established universal suffrage, proposed an election of President for ten years, and declared Paris in a state of siege, Dec. 2; troops quelled opposition Dec. 3-4; President elected for ten years by a vote of 7,481,231 to 640,737, Dec. 21-22, 1851. Napoleon inaugurated President at Notre Dame, Jan. 1; a new constitution promulgated Jan. 15; titles of nobility restored, Jan. 25; Senate petitioned for restoration of the Empire, Sept. 13; Empire restored by a vote of 7,839,552 to 254,501, (63,669 blanks,) Nov. 21; President proclaimed Emperor with the title of Napoleon III., Dec. 2, 1852; marriage with Eugenie de Montijo, Jan. 29, 1853

Rome: Papal authority restored by France, July 15, 1849; return to Rome of Pius IX, April 12, 1850.

CHAPTER XII.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. Democratic. One Term, 1853 to 1857.

I. CABINET.

PRESIDENT.

1853. Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire.

VICE PRESIDENT.

1853. William R. King, Alabama, (died April 18th,

1853.)

SECRETARY OF STATE.

1853. William L. Marcy, New York.

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.

1853. James Guthrie, Kentucky.

SECRETARY OF WAR.

1853. Jefferson Davis, Mississippi.

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.

1853. James C. Dobbin, North Carolina.

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

1853. Robert McClelland, Michigan.

POSTMASTER GENERAL.

1853. James Campbell, Pennsylvania.

ATTORNEY GENERAL.

1853. Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts.

II. SENATOR ELECTED PRESIDENT PRO
TEMPORE OF THE SENATE.

1856. Jesse D. Bright, Indiana.

IV. THE SEVENTEENTH ELECTION.

Popular Vote For President, Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, 1,601,274; Winfield Scott, New Jersey, 1,386,580; John P. Hale, New Hampshire, 155,825.

Electoral Vote: For President, Franklin Pierce, 254; Winfield Scott, 42.

For Vice President: William R. King, Alabama, 254; William A. Graham, North Carolina, 42. Total, 296. Thirty-one States voted.

March 4.

V. HISTORICAL RECORD.

1853.

Franklin Pierce was inaugurated the Fourteenth President of the United States. William R. King was sworn in as Vice President, at Cumbre Island, Cuba, March 24, whither he had gone for his health. Pierce, in his inaugural address, made the following statement of his political faith:

"I believe that involuntary servitude, as it exists in different States of this confederacy, is recognized by the Constitution. I believe that it stands like any other admitted right, and that the States where it exists, are entitled to efficient remedies to enforce the