discover to be actually necessary; but their cash by this time being almost exhausted, the difficulty of procuring these articles compels many of them to resume the axe, and submit once more to the labour of clearing the woods. This was precisely the case of the settlers, of whose names I have given you a list. In the Winter after their arrival in the country, and in the Spring following,-justly considering an acre of cleared land as a jewel of great value, and in the hey-day of strength and industry,-they cleared the greatest part of the land assigned to them, and prepared it for cultivation. In consequence of this spirited commencement, they were enabled to raise nearly a sufficient stock of provisions for their families, the first Summer after their location. The next Summer, having extended their clearings a little further the preceding Winter, they had enough, and even some to spare. But when they came to gather in the produce of the third Summer, it was found so scanty as barely to yield them a subsistence. The necessity of ploughing was now evident; but they had not "the wherewithal" to procure the proper instruments, and, being very lothe to enter on the clearing of more land, they trusted, that, by a more diligent attention to a fourth crop, they should succeed in obtaining a sufficient quantity of grain for their domestic consumption. It remains only for me to say, the event has proved the folly of this system; and the settlers are now convinced, that they are VOL. II. . in a dilemma,-the two horns of which are, the plough-share, and the axe; without resorting to one of which, they will never be able to effect their escape. I will not, however, enforce the moral of the proverb among them, of two evils choose the LEAST; for I conceive the LARGER implement would in their case ultimately prove the most beneficial. From this statement and these remarks, I think it is perfectly evident, that the plan of our London author for sending out emigrants to Canada, however well it might answer the views of those who look at such matters through the medium of theory alone, is impracticable, and could not possibly be of any permanent utility to the distressed population of Britain. No doubt, the sum of two hundred pounds is fully adequate, if properly managed, to effect a settlement for five persons in any part of Canada; but of what lasting value would that settlement be to its owners, if, at the expiration of ten years of toil and hard labour, they find themselves unable to redeem their lands, and, as a necessary consequence, be compelled to return the gift of their soi-disant benefactors increased in its value, and themselves removed by one sudden blow, from at least a distant prospect of comfort, to a situation which affords no outlet to the view beyond the close and crowding forms of penury and starvation, with all their innumerable train of evils !... EMIGRATION ESTIMATED EXPENCE OF REMOVING A PAUPER PAMILY OF FIVE PERSONS TO UPPER CANADA AND SETTLING 1 THEM 1 COMFORTABLY-ENCOURAGEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SALE OF THE CROWN RESERVES TO AID THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE COUNTRY-PRODUCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH SALE REFLECTIONS ON EXTENSIVE EMIGRATION FROM IRELAND-CALCULATION OF THE CHARGE OF LOCATING CASINGLE PAUPER-EMBARRASSMENTS OF THE POOR WHO AR RIVE AT QUEBEC WITHOUT MONEY-EXERTIONS WHICH THEY MAKE FOR OBTAINING A LIvelihood—GRADATIONS BY WHICH A PAUPER ASCENDS TO INDEPENDENCE-ADVANTAGES WHICH CANADA PRESENTS TO SETTLERS OF THE POORER CLASSES. 1 1 I AM decidedly of opinion, that much less than two hundred pounds given to each family consisting of five members, without requiring it to be repaid, would be fully adequate to their removal and settlement, and to place them in circumstances, out of which, with frugality and industry, a decent competency for themselves and their posterity would in due time arise. If Government would employ some of those ships which are now laid up and rotting in various parts of the world, or other more convenient vessels, in the transportation of emigrants to Upper Canada, a family of five persons, three of whom are supposed to be children, might be conveyed to the seat of Government of Upper Canada, for less than twenty pounds, including provisions of every description. It is equally clear, that forty pounds would support them for one year after their arrival, besides procuring them the necessary implements of husbandry, and such stock as would enable them to dispense with any further assistance during the rest of their lives. Admitting that Government would send such a family ... 12 0 0 out in their own vessels, the wages of seamen, the wear and tear of the ship, and suitable provisions for five persons, might be paid for from any part of Great Britain or Ireland to Montreal, for Passage from Montreal to York, if in Government boats, allowing the Government the hire of the hands, and the price which the provisions might From York, to land set apart for their admission, the distance not exceeding 100 miles, conveyed by the oxen which should be purchased for them ... A yoke of oxen, sled, and chain, if the latter be purchased in England ... ... ... Two cows ... Some indispensable articles of household furniture, such as pots, kettle, &c. ... Building a common log-house, such as settlers of the lower class generally build ... Provisions for 12 months: Say 12 barrels of flour, at two dollars and a half per barrel, and one barrel of pork at eight dollars per barrel £60 1 0 * On these provisions, and the milk of their two cows, settlers of this class will subsist much more comfortably than they did before they came to the country. This sum appears to me to be fully sufficient to do all that is really necessary to be done for settlers of this class, and if it be possible to lend such per sons two hundred pounds for ten years, it is certainly possible to give them sixty pounds without requiring it to be repaid: For if two hundred pounds were put out to interest, instead of being lent to the settlers, that sum would in less than ten years, produce considerably more than the amount proposed to be gratuitously given. How different would the feelings of persons in this situation be, from those of persons subject to have their minds continually haunted with the dread of an enormous debt which they would be utterly unable to discharge! If, however, the Supreme Government would manifest a spirited desire to improve the internal navigation of the Canadas, and to encourage the cultivation of hemp and tobacco, sufficient would be done for pauper emigrants, and particularly for young men, by landing them on this side of the Atlantic. Immediate employment might then be reckoned upon with certainty, and would be easily procured; and an industrious man, within the limits of a single year, could not fail to obtain a sufficient sum to establish him upon his own lands. If the Canadas are properly regarded, as a valuable portion of the British Empire, surely something more should be done for them than has ever yet been attempted. Sure I am, that if some of those hundreds of thousands which are almost annually voted away by the Imperial Parliament, |