open to visitors at certain times, and he used only five of the hundreds of rooms which it contained.

Ludwig started in life with

THE NOBLEST ASPIRATIONS.

He was a man of many qualities which endeared him to his subjects. He had intelligence of a very high order.

[We have presented in the foregoing, the adduced evidence of insanity. which would only be accepted by those having a motive for its belief. If Ludwig was insane, the world would be much benefitted by universal insanity of royal personages.

The PRIME MINISTER remarked that he never witnessed any mania that incapacitated King Ludwig from attending to private or public business.

Ludwig, it is said, spent much money. Did not Louis Napoleon? Do not all royal personages? Ludwig for improvement in science and in arts, his country-in peaceful ways; Sovereigns generally for war. They appear to think that armaments are the only sane expenditure for governments.

It is said (without evidence and against contrary evidence) that Ludwig had paroxysms of passion. Is this peculiar to Ludwig? William of Orange was noted for his violent rage. Frederick I. twice came near killing his son, who became Frederick the Great. Were they deposed?

Ludwig was "queer." Do not queer people abound, and especially queer Sovereigns? Are "queer" Sovereigns deposed unless they strike a, blow at military royalty or

MARRY A FLOWER GIRL?

Vile stories have been basely and busily fabricated, and industriously circulated for court favor and for a money consideration, to prevent insurrection and for justification in Bavaria and throughout Europe of this infamy, that this infamy of Ludwig's taking off may be transmitted to posterity as his

own act.

The whole proceeding against King Ludwig was managed by royalty. They of the "divine right" selected Prince Leopold as their willing and interested agent. Physicians were appointed,

NOT BY THE BAVARIAN PARLIAMENT,

But by exterior royalty and an interested Prince, to examine the mental condition of the King, and excluding not only all of Ludwig's own physicians, but their testimony also, though most competent from an experience of forty years in Ludwig's household. Of course

66 THIS ROYAL MEDICAL COURT-MARTIAL" decides just what they were selected to do, that Ludwig's malady incapacitates him to govern. Thereupon Prince Leopold, issues a proclamation, assumes the regency and convenes the Bavarian Diet.

A part of the higher clergy without Bavaria rejoiced with royalty over Ludwig's deposition, because of their little influence with the late persecuted king. Immediately upon Ludwig's deposition the Papal Nuncio was ordered to Munich to establish cordial relations between Munich and the Vatican. Dollingerism will thus be finally subdued.

It is known that the Bavarian church is liberal, and has never fully favored the new dogmas. Opposition to the dogmas was most pronounced in Bavaria. Hence the archbishop writes of a "proper expression to the profound gratitude which the Catholic church of Bavaria so greatly owes to Ludwig.'

Baron Lutz, the prime-minister of Bavaria, writes: "Ludwig had no sympathy with the Ultramontane party.'

Only two continental European governments sent to Bavaria tokens of condolence upon Ludwig's death, and there was no condolence from ultramontane ecclesiasticism.

Why should not the

BAVARIAN PEOPLE HAVE DECIDED

The fate of Ludwig? Why should exterior and interested royalty decide it? If the Bavarian people desired for a king him whom other royalty and militarism decided insane, why should not the governed be gratified?

We see motives for procedure against Ludwig in the ambition of his own family; in the hostile attitude of general royalty, for his sympathy with constitutionalism and opposition to the war tyranny; and in the hostile attitude of ultramontanism for his liberal Catholicism. This is a powerful combination of force and motive.

Dr. von Schleiss says:

"I have known the king forty years. None but myself and Dr. Gilbert were his physicians, and we both agree in our views that the king was not insane. He had his peculiarities; was extravagant, good-natured to excess, passionately fond of build. ing, and enthusiastic for the fine arts. He was tempted to large outlays by those who drained his pockets to their own advantage. The king committed no insane acts. He conferred with artists and architects, expressing his wishes clearly and accurately, giving proofs of his refined taste, and in all things manifesting extraordi nary circumspection. Therefore I repeat, notwithstanding all that has happened, the king was not mad..

The doctor added that he disagreed with the official report of the special board of physicians declaring the king insane. He said he felt compelled to keep his views to himself, "for," says he, "if I had published a statement in opposition to that of the court doctors, I would have shared the fate of certain other persons, and

BEEN AT LEAST CONFINED TO PRISON.

My opinion as to the king's condition is based on my experience as his physician since his birth. My colleague, Dr. Gintl, agrees with me."

Why were the king's physicians removed? Why were new doctors introduced? Why were Ludwig's physicians of forty years' practice in his palace ignored as witnesses? Do such proceedings

COME ACCIDENTALLY AT COURTS?

*

*

Why was not the subject decided by the Parliament of Bavaria? Why should a party deeply interested in his deposition, as the next party to share in the result (aided by exterior royalty), have initiated and consummated the iniquity, when this party had every reason to wish Ludwig in an insane retreat, if not entirely out of the way? Everywhere over Munich is heard the remark,

MEDICAL OPINIONS ARE CHEAP.

Medical autopsies can be manufactured to the order of European royalty and militarism.

KINGCRAFT IS IN DANGER,

And will scruple at nothing to perpetuate its existence.

THE COMMON PEOPLE OF BAVARIA KNEW

what these royal machinations mean which have been maturing for years, ever since Ludwig's circular of peace and protest against militarism and for constitutional governments, an offense in a king, equal to that of the dynamiters in Chicago against public order. The minds of the people were supposed to have been prepared for royal diabolism. The people of Bavaria and of a part of continental Europe have sympathized with Ludwig, and have made it somewhat of a European question.

It was this large sympathy that sent 100,000 strangers to his funeral at Munich.

LUDWIG'S DEPOSITION THREW MUNICH, the Bavarian Metropolis, into profoundest gloom. Business was suspended. The evidences of the deep attachment of the people for Ludwig were over

NOTE.-Ludwig's only brother, and the next heir to the throne, Othon, born in 1848, has been insane for some time. Prince Luitpold, of the same age as the late king, and a son of Ludwig's uncle, Prince Luitpold, field-marshal and commander of the Bavarian army, a man now sixty-five years of age, has assumed the regency. The young Prince Luitpold is married to an Austrian princess, Marie Therese, by whom he has had nine children. The prince is lieutenant-general of the army, second in rank to his father, and the same age as the king.

The

whelming. The deposition was denounced by crowds at every corner. ministerial deputation to secure Ludwig's signature of consent to a regency escaped with their lives only by flight from the hands of an indignant populace.

Notwithstanding the attemped telegraphic surveillance, such messages as the following show the true state of Bavarian feeling:

MUNICH, June 13-King Ludwig to-day took his departure for Berg Castle, on Lake Starnberg. The scenes along the route of the journey were very affecting. The peasants knelt in the roadways weeping. The King responded to their greetings mournfully, but kindly. He looked pale and weary.

JUNE 14. Before his death the belief was spreading among the common people of Bavaria that the King's deposition was illegal. The people did not believe he was insane. Precautions had been taken to prevent the populace from rising to restore the King.

King Ludwig's suicide has cast a deep gloom over Munich. Now it is seen plainly that the people were deeply attached to the King, and evidences are every. where manifest of the popular sorrow caused by his tragic death.

JUNE 15.-Excited and sorrowing crowds of people throng the streets, despitethe heavy rain that has been falling. Thousands of citizens surround the palace, unable to conceal the misgivings generally felt in that city that King Ludwig was insufficiently guarded on Sunday evening, and the supposition that it was a murder.

JUNE 18.-People passed all of last night on the steps of the Loggie, in Ludwig Platz. The hotels of the city are crammed, and lodgings have been at a premium for several days.

JUNE 19. The excitement among the Bavarian people over the death of King Ludwig remains unabated. The lower classes exhibit all the signs of sincere grief and sympathy. People from the country and the mountains flocked into the city all day long. Among the mountaineers was a Tyrolese woodman, to whom Ludwig once gave a diamond ring for some service. When he reached the coffin in the palace chapel he fell on his knees beside it and sobbed and wailed. . . The people. wept and sobbed aloud all along the line as the coffin was borne to its last resting place. The peasants say (a rainy day):

THE HEAVENS WEEP

For the misfortunes of Bavaria."

After the deposition, the King declined to recognize the Regency, and talked about going to Munich to protest in person against the Regency and lay his case before the people.

The King, a few days before his suicide or murder, said: "Their having taken the Government from me, that I can endure; but their having declared me to be insane that I cannot outlive."

He would have succeeded and royalty trembled. Why were the arrangements to annihilate Ludwig so perfect in detail in every stage of the proceeding, only failing in appearance and where success would have frustrated the deeply laid plan, as a long time elapsing before searchers were sent out to find the cause of the King's detention and the want of vigilance in reanimating the body of the King.

Is it a wonder that the excitement at Munich and other Bavarian towns over the strange manner of the King's taking off threatened serious consequences? That the authorities fully recognized it and largely increased the regular troops? That the mobs in the cities were with difficulty controlled? That the Bavarian peasantry were restrained from insurrection only for want of a leader and of arms? Everywhere was heard "Der arme Ludwig.” The death of Louis II. of Bavaria was certainly

SUDDEN, VIOLENT, AND CURIOUSLY CONVENIENT.

Precisely what took place by the shores of Lake Starnberg between the hours of 6 and 7 on the fatal Sunday evening we are not likely ever to know, for, as Charles Dana says, if, besides its two victims, the tragedy had actors or eyewitnesses still living, their evidence, if contradictory of the government account, will scarcely be

PERMITTED TO REACH THE PUBLIC

in a verifiable form. Outside of such meagre and sifted information as it may suit their present ruler to communicate, the people of Bavaria are and will probably remain quite in the dark concerning the actions and the treatment of the dead king from the time of his virtual arrest at Hohenschwangau until his body was found drowned near the remote and closely guarded castle in which he was immured.

WHOM DID IT PROFIT?

asks Mr. Dana. That is the test invariably applied by popular suspicion to mysterious events like the Starnberg catastrophe. There is really very little but the haunting misgiving roused by this inquiry at the root of most of the dark stories about the Rome of the first Cæsars, the Rome of the Borgias, and the Russia of the Romanoffs, a conviction that a death had the effect of SWEEPING SERIOUS OBSTRUCTIONS FROM THE PATH

of the survivors. There is quite enough in the antecedent and accompanying circumstances to plant distrust in the minds of the masses of the Bavarian people, with whom the late king was a favorite, that he committed suicide.

What are awkward facts, as tending to impeach the motive for self-destruction and to suggest a strong motive for putting the king out of the way, Louis was either sane or insane. If sane, he could have no motive for killing himself but desperation, and it was too early for a brave man to despair. As to the imputation of insanity against the report of the board of experts designated by the persons who were contemplating the coup d'etat, will in popular discussion be set the testimony of the dead man's own physician, who not only believed him sane, but was confident he might never become otherwise, unless sinister steps were taken to aggravate his morbid tendencies. But assuming that some symptoms of dementia were discernible, its sudden determination toward self-slaughter will not unnaturally be viewed in some quarters as abnormal and premature. For it may be urged that incipient lunatics, when for the first time subjected to confinement, are not, as a rule, observed to take refuge in suicide until they have been baffled in more or less astute and persistent efforts to escape.

Some telegrams disclose that

PREPARATIONS HAD BEEN MADE FOR FLIGHT

on the very evening when King Louis met his death. The reason for thus timing an attempt at deliverance is obvious. The Bavarian Diet, which would have to judge between the king and his deposers, was convoked for the very next day, and the signs of popular sympathy with the unfortunate monarch had been growing more widespread and pronounced ever since his virtual imprisonment. To the multitudes who shared this feeling it will seem unlikely that a man who, even if threatened with a cerebral disorder, is acknowledged to have often shown a great deal of sagacity, should have yielded to a suicidal impulse before the results of the Diet's deliberations were made known to him. The impression even was current that a rescue had been planned for the very place as well as hour at which the king insisted on the dismissal of his guards and on strolling, with but one companion, by the lake which alone was interposed between him and liberation. Nor is it impossible to adjust to the hypothesis of the king's contemplated escape the simultaneous death of his one companion, Dr. Gudden, who seems to have been the most active among the serviceable experts in insanity employed by the king's dethroners; and who under a mask of friendship, easily penetrable by the captive, played the role of warder and of spy.

A cloud of distrust and obloquy will long rest upon the beneficiaries of Ludwig's sudden taking off.**

*NOTE.-Up to the present time 2,540 emperors and kings have governed 64 nations; 992 have died violent deaths. Out of this number 300 have been driven from their thrones, 64 have abdicated, 28 have committed suicide, 23 have become

BELGIUM.

The military contractors and army men have succeeded in getting up a war scare, that the neutrality of Belgium may not be respected. So the war estimates were voted in the Parliament by a majority however of only 18 in a house of 123 members. The discussion was lively, and the public galleries were crowded.

insane, 100 fell in battle, 123 were captured, 25 died martyrs, 151 have been assassinated, and 108 have been condemned to death and executed according to law.

HENRI CHISTOPHE, the successor of Toussaint L'Overture after his capture and death, first leader, then president and then king of Hayti, died by his own hand rather than suffer capture by his enemies.

King THEODORE, of Abyssinia, shot himself April 13, 1868, at the capture of Magdala by the British, to avoid capture by his conquerors.

The death of ABDUL AZIZ, Sultan of Turkey, ten years ago, is somewhat like that of King Ludwig. The three great Turkish leaders requested the Sultan to contribute of his personal treasure to save the country from financial bankruptcy. On his refusal he was deposed, May 29, 1876. His nephew was proclaimed. He was reported to have suicided. The public had no faith in the report.

The Bavarian press and physicians are dissatisfied with the reports of Ludwig's

death.

PHILLIP V., the first Bourbon monarch of Spain, (1700–46), Charles II., the last scion of the Spanish Hapsburgs, Ferdinand VI., (whose sanity could only be maintained by music), George III. and George IV., of England, and many other royal personages escaped deposition when greatly madder than Ludwig. The real motive (as already intimated) for deposition was never baser than in the case of Bavaria's king. While

MONARCHS DEFY THE LAWS OF NATURE,

Which are the laws of God, by inter-marriages and refusing fresh blood to the cur rent, until all royal blood is tainted with immoral and insane properties, the royal fraternity is irreconcilable to one who reproves royal militarism and ranges himself as the patron of peace and of constitutional government.

All

ERIC, king of Sweden, (16th. century) was fond of music and ever imposing upon his subjects. He was engaged in marriage at one time to seven women. his affiances were condoned, until he fell in love with a flower girl and married her. His brother then deposed him and took the throne. Eric was treated cruelly in prison. The alternative was offered of suffocation, taking poison, or having his veins opened. He chose the poison, and a plate of soup killed him. He was not permitted to live after

HIS MARRIAGE WITH A FLOWER-GIRL.

Once established on thrones, kings form a caste by themselves, and regard mar. riage out of the kingly set as degrading.

CALIGULA was certainly mad, according to royal decision as to Ludwig, for he shod his horses with gold and fed them out of marble troughs.

NERO must have been mad for he fiddled away during the burning of Rome. GUSTAVUS IV., a Swedish king, was pronounced crazy and lost his crown because he made the book of Revelation his daily companion, and because the first night after his marriage he made his wife read aloud the first chapter of Esther and pointed out Queen Vashti for imitation.

FREDERICK THE GREAT OF PRUSSIA would occasionally fling his dinner plate at young Frederick's head when displeased with him.

LOUIS AND HIS TWO IMMEDIATE

Predecessors have been described as utterly unfit, mentally and morally, to govern. Louis was a continual scandal to the crowned heads of Europe. The sanctity of the prerogatives which tradition assigns to those "born in the purple," kept them in positions to sway the destinies of millions and when Bavaria was a thorough autonomy. They were not deposed; but Bavaria merged in the German Empire, and its duties not demanding a high order of mental power, must not have a king who is eccentric, especially as to standing armies and war, and the rights of peoples.

When there is the necessity of kingcraft or of militarism, it is not difficult to find occasion for dethronement, and to prepare the people for submission.