EXCEPTIONS. In the genitive form ius, i is common, but has the accent as in nulli'us, ipsi'us; but it is long in alius.

In fio i is long, except when followed by er: as, fiam, fïèrem. In the fifth declension, e is long between two vowels as in diei; but after a consonant, as in fidei, it is short.

In many Greek proper names the vowel in Latin represents a long vowel or diphthong, and is consequently long: as in Thalia.

2. A diphthong is long as in foedus, cui, deinde.

Exc. The preposition prae in composition before a vowel is generally short: as in praeustis. Æn. VII. 524.

3. A vowel formed by contraction is long: as i in nīl for nihil.

4. A vowel before two consonants or a double consonant, also before the letter j, is long: as, māgnus, great; rēx, king ; pējor, worse; ēt ventis ocior, and swifter than winds.

But a short vowel before a mute followed by 1 or r is common, that is, it may be long in verse: as in võlucris, bird.

A short vowel, made long under this rule, is said to be long by Position; as e in docētne. In dŏcēsne, the same vowel is long

by the special rule (11. 3).

NOTE. The above rules of Position do not apply to final vowels.

II. FINAL SYLLABLES.

1. Words of one syllable ending in a vowel are long: as, mē, tū, hī, nē.

The attached particles -ně, -quě, -vě, -cě, -ptě, and rě- (rěd-), are short; sẽ is long: as, sēcēdit exercitumque reducit, he withdraws, and leads back the army.

2. Nouns of one syllable are long: as, sōl, sun; ōs, mouth ; bōs, ox; vīs, force.

Exc. měl, honey; Ŏs, bone; vir, man; cor, heart; fěl, gall.

3. Final as, es, os, are long: final is, us, ys, are short: as, nefās, wrong; rupēs, rock; hostis, enemy.

Exc. as is short in some Greek terminations: as, lampădăs, torches.

es is short in nouns of the third declension whose stem ends in d or t: as, hospĕs, guest (exc. ǎbiēs, ăriēs, păriēs, pēs); in the present of esse, and in the preposition pēnēs.

os is short in compos, impòs, and some Greek endings.

is in plural cases is long as in bonis; also, as the characteristic ending of the fourth conjugation: as audīs; and in sīs, vīs, vělīs, mālīs, nōlīs; grātis, fōrīs; and sometimes in -ĕris.

us is long in the gen. sing. and in the plural of the fourth declension as ǎcūs, needles; also in nouns of the third declension which increase long: as virtus.

4. Most final syllables ending in a consonant except c are short: as, ad, ac, ăt, ămắt, ămātür.

Exc. doněc, făc, něc; nōn, quin, sin; crās, plūs, cūr, pār.

5. Final a in words declined is short, except in the abl. sing. feminine: as, eă stellă, that star; cum eā stellā, with that star.

In all other words it is long: as, frustrā, in vain; vòcā, call.

Exc. ĭtă, so; quiă, because; pută, suppose; and, in late use, trīgintă, thirty, etc.

6. Final e is short, except in nouns of the fifth declension; in adverbs formed from adjectives of the first form; and in verbs of the second conjugation: as, nāvě, dūcītě, vērē, mănē, fidē, quārē (quā rē), hōdiē (hōc diē).

Exc. fămē; běně, mălě; ferē, fermē; also (rarely), cavě, hăbě, tăcě, vălě, vĭdě; inferně, superně.

7. Final i is long: as, nāvī, fīlī, audī. But it is common in mihi, tibi, síbi, îbi, ŭbi; and short in nĬsĩ, quăsă, cùi.

8. Final o is common; but long in datives and ablatives; also, usually, in verbs.

Exc. cită, illică, profecto, dummŏdõ, îmŏ, ĕgă, duŏ, octŏ. 9. Final u is long; final y is short.

III.

PENULTIMATE SYLLABLES.

DEFINITION. · A Noun is said to Increase, when in any case it has more syllables than in the nominative singular, which is called the Theme.

Thus stella is said to increase long in the gen. pl., stellārum; and corpus, to increase short in the gen. sing., corporis.

A Verb is said to increase, when in any part it adds more than one syllable to the root or stem.

Thus voco is said to increase long in the second person plural, vŏcātis; and rego to increase short in the second person plural, regitis.

The final syllable, added to the root or stem, is called the Termination as in stell-a, nāv-is, võc-at, reg-is.

The syllable added before the termination is called the Increment: as, a in stellarum, Ŏ in corporis. ā ŏ

In itineribus, amāverītis, the syllables marked are called the first, second, and third Increments of the noun or verb.

In a few words, the root consists only of a consonant, or combination of consonants, from which the radical vowel has been dropped: as, sc īmus, s ŭmus (ès).

1. In the Increment of Nouns and Adjectives, a and o are generally long; e, i, u, y, are generally short: as,

aetātīs, servōrum, hõnōris, õpĕris, carminis, murmăris, pecădis, chlamydis.

Exc. ǎ in baccar (-ăris), hēpar (-ătis), jūbar, lār, mās (măris), nectăr, pār, sāl, vās (vădis), daps (dăpis).

Ŏ in neuters of third declension; also in arbor (-ŏris), inops (-ŏpis), scrobs (scròbis).

ē in the fifth declension; also in haeres (-ēdis), lex (lēgis), locuples (-ētis), mercēs (-ēdis), plebs (plēbis), quiēs (-ētis), rex (rēgis), vēr (vēris).

ī in most nouns and adjectives in ix: as, rādīcis, fēlīcis (exc, filix, nix, strix); also dis (dītis), glis (glīris), lis (lītis), vis (vires), Quirites, Samnites.

ū in lux (lūcis), frux (frūgis); also in forms from nom. in ūs: as, palūdis, tellūris.

2. In the Increment of Verbs (see Tables of Inflection, pp. 34-37), the characteristic vowels are as follows:

Of the first conjugation a: as, vocare, vocatur.
Of the second conjugation ē: as, mõnēre, monētur.
Of the third conjugation ĕ, I: as, regere, regitur.
Of the fourth conjugation I: as, audire, audītur.

Exc. do and its compounds have ă: as, dăre, circumdăbat.
In other increments

a is always long: as, moneāris, rēgāmus.

ē is long in tense-endings: as, regēbam, audiēbar.

But it is short before ram, rim, ro; and in the personal endings -běris, -bĕre: as,

rexerat, rexĕrit, ămābĕris, mõnēbĕre.

I is long in forms after the analogy of the fourth conjugation: as, pētīvi, lăcessītum.

Also in sīmus, sītis, vēlīmus, and rarely in the terminations -rimus and -ritis; but short in the future of the first and second conjugations: as, vŏcābĭtis.

ō is found only in imperatives, and is always long: as, monitōte.

ū is found only in the supine stem and its derivatives, and is always long as in sõlūtūrus; except in sumus, futūrus, volumus, nōlumus, mālumus.

3. Perfects and Supines of two syllables have the stemsyllable long: as, fūgi, vīdi, vīsum, from fugio, video.

Exc. bib- děd- (do), fid- (findo), scid- (scindo), stět(sto), stīt- (sisto), tŭl- (fĕro); cît- (cieo), dăt- (do), ĭt- (eo), līt- (lino), quit- (queo), răt- (reor), rút- (ruo), săt- (sĕro), sit- (sino), stăt- (sisto); but stāt- from sto.

4. The root or stem-syllable generally retains its quantity through all the forms derived from it; but when doubled by reduplication (see pp. 33, 39), the first syllable is short: as, tŭlit, attŭlerat; vīdi, vīdĕrit; cădo, cecidit; caedo, cecidit.

Exc. dico (dic-), dūco (dúc-), fides (fid-); and some increments of nouns: as, lēgis (lĕg-), võcis (võc-).

5. The following terminations are preceded by a long Vowel:

I. -al, -ar: as, vectigal, pulvinar.

Exc. ǎnimal, căpital, jubar.

11. -brum, -crum, -trum: as, lăvācrum, dēlūbrum, vērātrum.

III. -do, -ga, -go: as, formido, aurīga, Imāgo.

Exc. cădo, divido, ĕdo, modo, solido, spădo, trěpido; caliga, fúga, tŏga, plăga; ǎgo, ĕgo.

IV. -le, -les, -lis: as, ancile, mīles, crūdēlis, hostīlis.

Exc. măle; indŏles, sõbõles; grăcilis, humilis, sĭmīlis sterilis; and verbal adjectives in ĭlis: as, ămābīlis, dŏcliis făcilis.

v. -ma, -men, -mentum: as, poēma, flūmen, jūmentum. Exc. ǎnima, lacrima, victima; tămen, colúmen; with regimen and the like from verb-stems.

VI. -mus, -nus, -rus, -sus, -tus: as, extrēmus, supīnus, octōni, sěvērus, fumōsus, pērītus.

Exc. (a.) I before -mus: as, fīnītīmus, mărĭtīmus (except bīmus, trīmus, quadrimus, õpīmus, mīmus, līmus); and in superlatives (except imus, prīmus); dõmus, hŭmus, němus, călămus, thălămus.

(b.) Ĭ before -nus: as in crastĭnus, fraxinus and the like (except mǎtūtīnus, vespertinus, rèpentīnus); ăsînus, cōminus, ēminus, dominus, făcinus, prōtinus, terminus, vātĭcīnus ; mănus, ōceănus, plătănus; genus; bõnus, ŏnus, sõnus.

(c.) ĕ before -rus: as, měrus, hěděra (except prōcērus, sincērus, sĕvērus); also barbărus, chorus, nŭrus, pĭrus; sătĭra, amphora, ancora, lýra, purpŭra; fŏrum, părum.

(d.) lătus, mětus, větus, digītus, servitus, spīrītus; quòtus, totus; hăbitus, and the like.

VII. -na, -ne, -nis: as, carīna, māne, inānis.

Exc. advěna, dŏmína, foemina, māchina, mĭna, gěna, pāgina; bene, sine; cănis, cînis, juvĕnis.