5. Irregular forms are ĭtěr, itineris (N.), journey. jěcŭr, jecoris or jecĭnõris (N.), liver. bōs, bovis; pl. g. boum, D. bōbus, būbus (M. F.), ox, cow. supellex, supellectilis (F.), furniture. lampǎs, lampădos, or is, acc. lampadă, lamp, (F.) Juppiter, Jõvis. IV. GENERAL RULES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. Nouns ending in o, or, os, er, and es (increasing) are masculine; those in as, es (not increasing), io, ys, x, and s preceded by a consonant, also in do, go, io, are feminine; those in a, e, i, y, c, l, n, t, ar, ur, us, are neuter. A noun is said to increase, when in any case it has more syllables than in the nominative singular. In such case, the penult is called the Increment of the noun. Increments of nouns in a and o (M. F.), are generally long; those in e, o (N.), i, u, and y, short. The locative case is sometimes written with ĕ, especially in poetry: as, Karthagině (for Karthagini), at Carthage. Many nouns, especially those of one syllable, ending in two consonants or a double consonant, make the genitive plural in ium: as cliens, client; urbs, city; nox, night. 12 FIFTH DECLENSION. IRREGULAR NOUNS. §§ 13, 14 1. Most nouns of the fourth declension are formed from the supine stem of verbs: as, cantus, song, from căno; vīsus, sight, from video. 2. Domus, house, has ablative singular domo, genitive plural domōrum, or domuum; accusative plural, domos: domi, less frequently domui, (locative) means at home. 13. FIFTH DECLENSION. (e.) The only complete nouns of this declension are dies, day, and res, thing. They are thus declined: Most nouns of the fifth declension want the plural. Dies is often feminine in the singular in phrases indicating a fixed time: as constitūtā die, on the set day. The termination of the nominative singular is generally ies. I. DEFECTIVE. 1. Wanting the singular: as, lībĕri, children; arma, weapons; pēnātes, household gods. 2. Wanting the nominative: as, dăpis, of food; frūgis, of fruit (plural complete). 3. Found only in one or two cases: as, fors, forte, chance; vicis (gen.), vicem, vice, vices, vicibus, change or turn; sponte (suā sponte, of his own accord); injussu, without orders. 4. Indeclinable: as, fās, right; něfās, wrong; pondō, pound. II. VARIABLE. 1. Many nouns vary in meaning as they are found in the singular or plural: as, aedes, is (F.), temple. impedimentum (N.), hinderance. aedes, ium, house. auxilia, auxiliaries. • carceres, barriers (of a race castra, camp. copiae, troops. [course.) fines, bounds, territory. loci, passages in books. opes, resources, wealth. plăga (F.), region [plāga, blow]. plăgae, snares. sāl (M. or N.), salt. sales, witticisms. = about 4 cents. sestertius (M.) means the sum of 2 asses, sestertium (N.) means the sum of 1000 sestertii, about $40. decies sestertium means the sum of 1000 sestertia, = $40,000. 2. Sometimes a noun in combination with an adjective takes a special signification, both parts being regularly inflected: as, jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, oath. respublica, reipublicae, commonwealth. 15. PROPER NAMES. A Roman had regularly three names. Thus, in the name Marcus Tullius Cicero, we have Marcus, the praenomen, or personal name; Tullius, the nomen; i.e., name of the Gens, or house, whose original head was Tullus; this name is an adjective; Cicero, the cognomen, or family name, often in its origin a nickname, - in this case from cicer, a vetch, or small pea. Women had no personal names, but were known only by that of their gens. Thus the wife of Cicero was Terentia, and his daughter Tullia. A younger sister would have been called Tullia secunda, and so on. ADJECTIVES. 16. INFLECTION. ADJECTIVES are declined like Nouns; and are either of the First and Second Declension, or of the Third. I. Adjectives of the first and second declension are thus declined: The singular of adjectives in er is thus declined :— The following have the genitive singular in ius, and the dative in i, in all the genders: II. Adjectives of the third declension are thus declined: : A few adjectives of this declension have the nom. sing. masc. in er: as, M. ācer, F. acris, N. acre, keen. Otherwise they are declined like brevis. Adjectives of one termination include those in ns, with a few others: as, větés, old; pār, equal; fēlix, fortunate. They all have two forms in the accusative singular, and in the nom. acc. and voc. plural: as, părem, par; păres, paria. 17. COMPARISON. I. The Comparative degree adds ior, ius to the stem, and is declined as melior; the Superlative adds issĭmus, a, um, and is declined as carus. Thus: car us, dear; carior, dearer; carissimus, dearest. Adjectives in er form the superlative by adding rimus to the nominative: as, niger, black; nigrior, blacker; nigerrimus, blackest. Six adjectives, facilis, difficilis, easy, hard; similis, dissămīlis, like, unlike: grăcilis, slender; humilis, low, form the superlative by adding lĭmus to the stem: as, facillimus. |