For the genitive of possession, the adjective pronouns meus (voc. masc. mi), tuus, suus, noster, vester, are always used, declined as in § 16, I.: as, mi fili, my son; cum amīcis meis, with my friends.

They agree with genitives in such phrases as tuam ipsius patriam prodidisti, you have betrayed your own fatherland; suo sōlius periculo, at his own peril only.· Cic. Cat., IV. 11.

The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the ablative of the personal pronouns: thus,

nobiscum ambŭlat, he is walking with us.

20. DEMONSTRATIVE.

I. The demonstrative pronouns hic, this; is, iste, ille, that; and ipse, self, are thus declined:

II. Hic is sometimes called the demonstrative of the first person; iste (used especially in reference to the person spoken to, and frequently implying contempt), the demonstrative of the second person; ille (referring to more remote objects, and used especially of those celebrated or well known), the demonstrative of the third person. Ille and hic are often used as "the former " and "the latter." Hic, or hic homo, is sometimes equivalent to ego, I: as, tu si hic sis, if you were I. - Ter. Andr. 310.

Is is used especially in reference to something just mentioned, or as antecedent to the relative qui, who. It is used oftener than the other demonstratives as a personal pronoun of the third person, and is sometimes nearly equivalent to the article a or the: as, eum quem esse hostem compĕristi, one whom you have found to be a public enemy. - Cic. Cat. I. 11.

habētis eum consulem qui.. non dubitet, you have a consul who will not hesitate. — Id. IV. 11.

Ipse, self, the intensive pronoun, is frequently joined with another pronoun: as, nos ipsi, or nosmetipsi, we ourselves; or it may be used independently in either person: as, ipsi adestis, you are yourselves present. Often it may be translated very: as, ipsi colles clǎmant, the very hills cry out.

Īdem, eǎdem, ĭdem, the same, is declined like is; m being generally changed to n before d in the accusative; as, eundem.

21. RELATIve.

I. The relative pronoun qui, who, is thus declined:·

II. Qui, who, is also used as an interrogative; but when used substantively, the nominative singular is quis quae quid: as, quis adest? who is here? quid ais? what do you say?

As an adjective, qui is sometimes, and quod always, used: as, qui (or quis) homo est? what man is it?

quod bellum tum gĕrēbātur? what war was then waging?

Quantus, how great; quālis, of what kind; quŏt, how many, and the like, are also used both as relative and interrogative, corresponding to tantus, so great; tālis, such; tŏt, so many.

The relative is often used in Latin where we must use the demonstrative in English: as,

quae cum ĭtă sint, since these things are so.

The preposition cum, with, is affixed to the ablative of qui, as to the personal pronouns: as, quocum, quibuscum, with whom.

The conjunction ac, atque, is often used as a relative, in such phrases as,

Cic.

pro eo ac mĕreor, according to what I deserve.
ǎliter ac nos vellemus, different from what we would.

Id.

III. The indefinite relative quicumque, whoever, is declined like qui. So quisquam, quivis, quilibet, any one; quisque, each; quidam, a certain one.

Quisquis, whoever, rarely occurs except in the forms quisquis quidquid (quicquid), and quōquō.

Aliquis, some one; siquis, if any; nēquis, lest any; ecquis numquis, whether any, are like quis, but have quă for quae: as, siquă bellă gĕrenda ĕrunt, if any wars shall have to be waged.

22. CORRELATIVES.

1. These are demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and indefinite; the demonstratives generally commence with t or i; the relatives and interrogatives (which are alike) with qu; the indefinites with ălă: as,

tantus, so great; quantus, as or how great; aliquantus, of some size.

Ibi, there; (hic, istic, illic); ŭbi, where; ălĭcŭbi, somewhere. eo, thither; (huc, illuc); quo, whither; aliquo, to some place. indě, thence; (hinc, illinc); undě, whence; aliunde, from some place.

tum, then; quum (quom, or cum), when; quando? when? aliquando, at some time, or at length.

tốt, so many; quot, as or how many; ăliquot, a number of.

These last are indeclinable: as,

per tot annos, tot proeliis, tot impĕrātōres, so many commanders, for so many years, in so many battles. Cic.

2. Alter

alter (where only two are spoken of), and

.. another, are used as correlatives in

ălius . . . ălius, one ...

...

such phrases as

alter ărăt, alter sĕrit, one ploughs, the other sows.

alii mē laudant, alii culpant, some praise me, others blame. alius aliud ămăt, one likes one thing, and one another.

hi fratres inter sẽ ămant alter altĕrum, these brothers love one

another.

1. Latin verbs have two VOICES, viz. Active and Passive; -four MOODS, viz. Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive; - four PARTICIPLES, viz. the Present and Future Active, the Perfect Passive, and the Gerundive; — two VerBAL NOUNS, viz. the Gerund and the Supine; -six TENSES, viz. Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future, and Fusix PERSONS, three in the singular and three

ture Perfect; in the plural.

2. The future and future perfect are wanting in the subjunctive mood; and the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect in the passive voice: their places being supplied by partici- ples, combined with corresponding tenses of the verb esse, to be.

3. The passive voice has often a reflective meaning: as, cingitur glădium, he girds on his (own) sword.

vělāmur căpăta, we veil our heads. Virg. Æn. III. 545.

24. MOODS.

I. The Indicative Mood is used for direct assertion or interrogation.

II. The Subjunctive Mood is used for dependent propositions and indirect questions. It is generally translated by the English indicative, especially when preceded by particles expressing condition or result; sometimes by the potential, may, might, or would, especially after particles expressing motive or purpose.

Examples of the use of the subjunctive in dependent constructions are as follows:

nescio quid scrībam, I know not what to write. (§ 67, I. 1.) nescio quid scribas, I know not what you are writing.

ut scribam, non est sǎtis, though I write, it is not enough. (§ 61, 2.) sine scribam, let me write. (§ 64, IV.)

non is sum qui scribam, I am not the one to write. (§ 65, 1.) věreor ne scribat, I fear he will write. (§ 64, III.) vereor ut scribat, I fear he will not write.

sunt qui putent, there are some who think. (§ 65, iv. 2.) nemo est quin putet, there is none but thinks.

sĕdet (sedēbat) illic, tamquam scribat (scriberet), he sits (sat) yonder as if he were writing. (§ 61, 1.)

si haec sciret, non veniret, if he knew this, he would not come. sĩ haec cognoscat, non věniat, if he should find this out, he would not come. (§ 65, Iv. 1.)

nisi haec cognōvisset, non vēnisset, if he had not found this out, he would not have come. (§ 65, Iv. 2.)

vēnit ut vidēret, he came to see.

(§ 64, 1.)

ēvēnit ut videret, it turned out that he saw. (§ 70, II.)

tam propě ĕrat ut videret, he was so near as to see. ($ 65, 1.) quis non gaudeat haec videns? who would not be glad to see this? (§ 60, 3.)

cum domum rediisset, mortuus est, when he had returned home, he died. (§ 62, 1.)

An Indirect Question is an assertion in which a question is implied, without being expressed: thus

quis adest? who is here? is a direct question; but

dic mihi quis adsit, tell me who is here, is

indirect question.

III. 1. The Imperative present is used as in English; but its place is often supplied (always in the first person) by the present or perfect subjunctive: as,

nē crēde călōri, do not trust complexion.

(§ 58, III.)

dum vivimus vīvāmus, while we live let us live.

Not with the Imperative is nē; and nor, nēve.