2. The future is used especially for edicts and laws: as, regii imperii duo sunto, iique consules appellantor, there shall be two of kingly authority, and they shall be called consuls. - Cic. Leg. III. 3. - hominem mortuum in urbe ne sěpělīto neve ūrito, a dead man in the city thou shalt not bury nor burn. XII. Tab. in Cic. IV. The Infinitive is used-1. As the Object of a Verb: as, audire non possum, I cannot hear. 2. With a Subject-Accusative, especially after Verbs of. knowing, thinking, and telling: as, dixit me adesse, he said that I was present. 3. As an Indeclinable Noun (with or without a subjectaccusative), when it is often rendered in English by the participial noun: as, vivĕre est cogītāre, living is thinking. misĕret me te esse pauperem, it grieves me that you are poor. 25. PARTICIPLES. I. The Present Participle ends in ns (corresponding to our participle in ing), and is declined like sapiens, § 16, II. When used as an adjective, the ablative singular ends in i: as, flōrenti urbe potitur, he takes a flourishing city; but, florente urbe, while the city flourished. The Future Active Participle (generally expressing purpose) ends in urus. The Perfect Passive Participle ends in us, and the Gerundive (sometimes called the Future Passive Participle), in dus; they are declined like carus (§ 16, 1.). The Gerundive either (1) has the meaning of ought or must: as, delenda est Karthago, Carthage must be destroyed; or (2) is used to govern the noun it agrees with: as, Karthaginis delendae causā, for the sake of destroying Carthage. II The use of these participles is seen in the following examples : tē id dicentem audīvi, I heard you say that. săpientia Dei omnia gŭbernantis, the wisdom of God, who governs all. Cūrio ad focum sĕdenti, to Curius as he sat by the fire. Romā proficiscens Neapoli diu mănēbat, on his way from Rome he staid a good while at Naples. Romā profectus Athēnas vēnit, he set out from Rome and came to Athens. Romam venit ludos spectāturus, or, ad spectandos ludos, he came to Rome to see the games. bona pěto semper dūrātūra, I seek goods that will last forever. reluctante nātūrā, invītus lăbor est, if nature refuses, toil is vain. anno post exactos reges decimo, ab urbe condita ducente simo quinquagesimo quarto, the tenth year after the kings' banishment, and the 25th from the founding of the city. And the Perfect Participle in English must often be rendered by other constructions in Latin: as, cum Romam rediisset, in fòrum vēnit, having returned to Rome, he came into the forum. equĭtātu praemisso, subsequēbātur omnibus copiis, having sent forward the cavalry, he followed close with all his forces.Cæs. B.G. II. 19. 26. GERUND AND SUPINE. I. The Gerund is inflected as a Neuter Noun of the Second Declension. Its use is as follows: N. scribendum est mihi, I have to write. G. lǎbor scribendi, the task of writing. D. utile scribendo, serviceable for writing. Ac. inter scribendum, while writing. Ab. scribendo respondit, he answered by writing. But with a direct object, the Gerundive is usually employed: as, N. scribenda est mihi epistola, I have to write a letter. must. II. The Former Supine is in form the accusative, and the Latter Supine the ablative, of a verbal noun of the fourth declension. The Former is used after verbs of motion, especially in dialogue or familiar speech: as, huc venit consultum, he has come hither to consult; the Latter after certain adjectives : as, horribile dictu, shocking to tell. The latter is found only in a few verbs. I. The Present tense expresses an action or state as now continuing; as, voco, I am calling; vocor, I am [being] called, i. e. some one is now calling me. It is sometimes used, as in English, to give life to narrative: as, Caesar convocat suos, Cæsar summons his men; and may sometimes be rendered by the Perfect in English: as, jamdiu te voco, I have been long calling you. II. The Imperfect is used to tell a condition of things formerly existing. Hence it is employed 1. In Descriptions: as, ĕrant omnino itinera duo altissimus impendēbat, there were in all two ways high mountain overhung. - Cæs. B.G. I. 6. mons a very 2. To relate a Continued or Repeated Action: as, saepě dīcēbat, he would often say; mīrābar, I used to wonder. as, 3. To state the Circumstances attending an action or event: dum haec gĕrēbantur, while this was going on. III. The Perfect is used to tell an action or event occurring at a given time in the past. Hence it is employed — 1. In Narration (perfect aorist, indefinite, or historical): as, vēni, vīdi, vīci, I came, saw, conquered. 2. After ut, ubi, posteaquam or postquam, when, (with a leading verb in a past tense), as equivalent to the pluperfect: as, ǎbi haec dixit, abiit, when he had said this, he went away. 3. It is also used to relate a past act or state in reference to the present time (perfect definite or relative): as, păter te jam vocāvit, your father has already called you. 4. In the subjunctive, it usually follows a leading verb in the present; as, nescio utrum ĭtă evēnĕrit necne, I don't know whether it happened (or has happened) so or not. - In Latin, and in all languages derived from Latin, there are two past tenses, the Perfect, or Preterite, which is used for narration, to tell the main fact, and the Imperfect, which is used for description, or to state the attending circumstances: as, dum Cicero domi mănēbat, Caesar interfectus est, while Cicero staid at home, Cæsar was slain. The Gothic languages, including English, have only one Past tense. IV. The Future and Future Perfect are used, though with greater accuracy, like the corresponding tenses in English: as, cum audivĕro, scribam, when I [shall] have heard, I will write. V. Tenses are distributed in these two classes, 1. PRIMARY, including Present, Perfect [Definite], and Future. 2. SECONDARY, including Imperfect, Perfect [Historical], and Pluperfect. VI. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, of the Active Voice, are derived from a stem (wanting in the Passive), which is usually formed by adding v [u] or s, with or without a connecting vowel, to the Stem of the Present; this is called the Second or Perfect Stem: as, voc o, vocavi;-dic o, dixi. In the Passive, these tenses are supplied by adding the corresponding tenses of esse, to be, to the Perfect Participle. This participle is derived from the third or Supine stem, which is usually formed by adding t, with or without a connecting vowel, to the present stem: as, vocati sumus, we have been called. The Perfect (definite), Pluperfect, and Future Perfect are called the tenses of Completed Action. All Latin words in common use, ending in t, except at, but ; et, and; ut, that; căput, head; dumtaxat, however; licet, although, and Indefinites in -libet, are in the third person of .verbs; all ending in nt are in the third person plural. 29. ESSE. I. The Substantive Verb esse, to be, is thus inflected. It has neither Gerund nor. Supine, and only the Future Participle: PRINCIPAL PARTS: sum, I am; esse, to be; fui, I have been ; futurus, about to be: - second stem, fu; third stem, fut. |