32. PASSIVE VOICE.-FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS.

33. RULES OF CONJUGATION.

I. The Conjugations differ from one another only in the tenses formed upon the First or Present Stem.

All irregularities are either in the tenses derived from the first stem, or in the formation of the other stems; never in the terminations added to them.

The tenses formed upon the first stem in the active voice are also formed upon it in the passive.

Tenses of the second stem are inflected like the corresponding tenses of esse: as,

PERF. SING. vocavi, vocavisti, vocavit ;

PLUR. Vocavĭmus, vocavistis, vocavērunt or vocavēre.

II. In these inflections it will be observed, that

1. The Imperfect Subjunctive is formed from the Present Infinitive by adding m; and the Pluperfect Subjunctive from the Perfect Infinitive in the same manner.

2. The passive tenses of the first stem are formed from the corresponding ones in the active, by changing m into r; or, where the active ends in o, by adding r.

3. The Imperative Passive is the same in form with the Present Infinitive Active.

III. 1. In tenses formed from the Second Stem, v between two vowels is often suppressed (syncopated), and the vowels in some cases made one; as amasse for amavisse, flestis for flevistis, audieram for audiveram. This takes place regularly in the compounds of eo, go (fourth conj.); as, abii for abivi, I went away.

2. Four verbs, dico, duco, facio, and fero, with several of their compounds, drop the vowel-termination of the Imperative, making dic, dūc, făc, fer: as, dic mihi, tell me; aufer, take away.

34. FORMS OF CONJUGATION.

I. The principal parts of a verb, which determine its conjugation throughout, are the Present Indicative and Infinitive (first stem); the Perfect Indicative (second stem); and Supine (third stem): as,

voc o, voc āre, vŏcāv i, vòcāt um, call.

II. In the following examples of conjugation, to form the perfect and supine, i is to be added to the second stem, and um to the third :

I. Deponent Verbs have the form of the Passive Voice, with an Active or Reflective signification: as,

These verbs have the Participles, Gerunds, and Supines of both Voices: as, mirans, miraturus, miratus, mirandus. The participle in dus, however, has a Passive meaning, and hence can occur only in Transitive Verbs: as,

potienda est tellus, the land must be won.

II. The Verbs audeo, dare; fido, trust; gaudeo, rejoice; soleo, be wont, have no Second or Perfect Stem, but form the Perfect, &c., after the analogy of the Passive: as, ausus est, he dared; fisus sum, I trusted; gavīsus est, he was glad; soliti sumus, we were wont. They are called Semi-Deponent. From audeo we have the subjunctive ausim. The form sōdes, an thou wilt, (for si audes), is frequent in the comic writers.

III. The following list contains some of the most important Deponents, including many which form the Supine stem irregularly. The Infinitives are all regular: —

amplect or, -i, amplex- embrace. nasc or, -i, nāt- be born.

cōn or, -āri, conātus, try.
expĕrior, -īri, expert- test.
fāt eor, -ēri, fass- confess.
fru or, -i, fruct- enjoy.
fung or, -i, funct- perform.
grădior, -i, gress- step.
lab or, -i, laps- glide, fall.
lòqu or, -i, locut- speak.
mētior, -īri, mensus, measure.
misĕr eor, -ēri, miserit- or mi-

sert- pity.

mor ior, -i, (-īri), mortuus, moriturus, (moribundus), die.

nīt or, -i, nis- or nix- lean.
oblivisc or, -i, oblit- forget.
ord ior, -īri, ors- begin.
Ŏrior, -īri, ortus, oriturus (or-

ĕris, -ĭtur, -ĕrer), arise.
păcisc or, -i, pact- bargain.
păt ior, -i, pass- suffer.
pollic eor, -ēri, pollicit- promise.
proficisc or, -i, profect- go.
quer or, -i, quest- complain.
reor, rēri, rătus, reckon.
tu eor, -ēri, tuĭtus, protect.
ūt or, -i, ūsus, employ.