36. DERIVATIVE VERBS.

I. INCHOATIVE or INCEPTIVE VERBS are formed by adding the termination sco to the stem and connecting vowel of their primitives: as, from căleo, I am warm, calesco, I grow warm. They are of the Third Conjugation, and are found only in the tenses of the First or Present Stem.

II. INTENSIVES are formed by adding the terminations of the first conjugation to the third stem of certain verbs: as, dicto, dictate, from dico (dictum), say.

III. FREQUENTATIVES are formed by adding Ito to the first stem of verbs of the first conjugation, Ito or o to the third stem of those of the third, and inflecting as in the first: as, clāmīto, I keep shouting; dictitat, he keeps saying.

IV. DESIDERATIVES, expressing a wish, end in ŭrio, and are of the fourth conjugation: as, ēsŭrio (from ĕdo, eat), I am hungry.

37. IRREGULAR VERBS.

[For esse and its derivatives see § 29.]

I. Vŏlo, velle, volui, wish (no third stem).

IND. PR. vŏlo vis vult võlùmus vultis võlunt.

SUBJ. PR vělim. IMPERF. vellem.

Other tenses are regular. There is no Imperative. The form sīs for si vis, if you please, is often found after imperatives: as, căve sis mentiaris, take care you don't lie. Cic. Mil. 22.

II. Nōlo (non volo), nolle, nolui, to be unwilling.

IND. PR. nōlo nonvis nonvult nõlùmus nonvultis nālunt. SUBJ. PR. nōlim. IMPERF. nollem.

IMPERATIVE. nōlī nolīto nolīte nolitöte nolunto.

The rest regular. No third stem.

III. Malo (magis volo), malle, malui, prefer.

IND. PR. mālo māvīs māvult mālumus māvultis mālunt SUBJ. PR. mālim. IMPERF. mallem.

The rest regular; no Imperative or third stem.

IV. Fero, ferre, tŭli, lātum, bear.

ACTIVE: IND. PRES. fĕro fers fert ferimus fertis fèrunt. SUBJ. IMP. ferrem. IMPERAT. fer ferto ferte fertōte ferunto.

PASSIVE: IND. PRES. feror ferris fertur ferimur, &c. SUBJ. IMP. ferrer. IMPERAT. ferre fertor ferimini feruntor. INFINITIVE. ferri, latus esse.

PARTICIPLES. ferens laturus latus ferendus.

The rest regular.

V. Edo, eat, is a regular verb of the third conjugation, with the following forms like those of esse :

IND. PRES. es est estis. SUBJ. (PRES. edim). IMPERF. essem. IMPERAT. ēs esto este estote.

VI. Eo, īre, īvi, Itum, go.

INFIN. esse.

IND. PRES. eo is it īmus ītis eunt.

IMPERF. ibam. FUT. ibo ibis ibit ibimus ibitis ibunt.
SUBJ. PR. eam. IMPERF. irem.

IMPERAT. i īto ite itōte eunto.

PART. PRES. iens, euntis. FUT. Itūrus. GER. eundum.

VII. Făcio, facere, feci, factum, make, is inflected regularly in the Active; having also the peculiar forms faxo (fut. perf.) and faxim (subj. perf.). It has no Passive tenses formed upon the present stem, but uses instead fio, be made, or become, which is inflected as a regular verb of the Fourth Conjugation, but has the infinitive fiĕri and the subjunctive imperfect fierem: thus,fio fieri factus sum.

Compounds of facio with prepositions, change ǎ into Ĭ in the first stem, and into e in the third, and form their passive regularly: as,

conficio conficere confēci confectum, finish.

Other compounds retain the a, and have fio in the Passive: as, ACT. běně-facio, (-fa'cis), -fēci, -factum. PASS. běněfio, benefit.

VIII. Queo, I can, and nequeo, I cannot, are conjugated like eo. They are rarely used except in the present: as, queo quis quit, quire, quīvi.

38. DEFECTIVE VERBS.

I. Coepi, began; ōdi, hate; and mĕmini, remember, have no first stem. Incipio, begin, is used as a present for coepi; odi and memini, though perfect in form, have the present signification, and are hence called Preteritive Verbs. They are inflected regularly in the tenses derived from the second stem. Other parts of these verbs are —

1. Coeptus (used with the Passive Infinitive: as, urbs coepta est obsĭdēri, the city began to be beset); coepturus, about to begin.

2. Osus osurus, both Active in their signification. 3. IMPERATIVE. memento měmentōte, remember.

II. Aio, say, has the forms

ais ait aiunt, aiebam, &c.; aias aiat aiant, aiens.

III. Inquam, quoth I (used in quotations: as, inquit, quoth he), has the following forms:

PR. IND. inquam inquis inquit inquimus inquitis inquiunt. IMPERF. inquiebas. PERF. inquisti inquit.

FUT. inquies inquiet. · IMPERAT. inque inquito.

IV. Fāri, speak, forms the periphrastic tenses regularly: as, fātus sum, &c. It has also

IND. PR. fatur. FUT. fābor, fabitur.

IMPERAT. fare. INFIN. fāri. SUPINE. fātu.

Certain other forms occur in Compounds.

V. The following are found chiefly in the Imperative:

1. salvē, salvēte, hail. (salveo.)

2. ǎvē, ǎvētě, ǎvēto, hail, or farewell. (aveo.)
3. cědo, cette, grant, pray. 4. ăpăge, begone!

39. IMPERSONAL VERBS.

These are found only in the third person singular, without any personal subject, this being often supplied by an infinitive or other grammatical construction. The most usual verbs of this class are such as the following:

1. Líbět (lŭbět), it pleases; lícět, it is permitted, with infinitive subject and dative of person: as,

libet mihi legĕre, licet tibi lūdĕre, I like to read, you may

play.

2. Misěrět, it grieves, pudet, it shames, taedet, it wearies, piget, it disgusts, with acc. of person and gen. of object: as, miseret me cāsus tui, I am sorry for your mishap.

3. Accidit, it happens ; restat, it remains; having a phrase or clause as subject: as,

persaepe ēvěnit ut utliītas cum honestāte certet, it often happens that gain is at variance with honor. (§ 70, 11.) 4. Pluit, it rains; ningit, it snows; grandinat, it hails. 5. The passive of Neuter Verbs, or those governing the Dative: as, pugnatur, there is fighting; parcitur mihi, I am spared.

I. The participle in rus may be used with any mood or tense of sum, forming the Periphrastic Future Active: as, cum venturus sit, since he is about to come.

II. The participle in dus (Gerundive) may be used in the same way to denote duty or propriety: as,

vēra dicenda sunt, the truth must be told.

The Gerundive of neuter verbs is often used impersonally (called the Nominative of the Gerund): as, pugnandum est nōbis, we must fight.

41. ADVERBS.

I. Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions by adding ē to the stem; from those of the third by adding ter or Iter: as,

cārus, dear, care; săpiens, wise, sapienter; brevis, short, breviter; audax, bold, audaciter, or audacter.

The Comparative of an adverb thus formed is the neuter of the corresponding adjective; the superlative changes us of the adjective into ē: as,

cāre, carius, carissime, dearly.

nuper, nuperrime, lately, just now.

săpienter, sapientius, sapientissime, wisely. breviter, brevius, brevissime, shortly.

făciliter (or facilě), facilius, facillime, easily.

běně (for bonē), mělius, optime, well, better, best. măle, pējus, pessime, ill, worse, worst.

So compare the adverbs

diu, diutius, diutissime, long (in time).
saepe, saepius, saepissime, often.
sǎtis, enough; satius, preferable.
secus, sēcius, otherwise.

II. The following adverbs require special explanation:

1. Etiam, also, is stronger than quoque, and precedes the emphatic word, while quoque follows it: as,

terret etiam nos, ac mīnātur, us also he terrifies and threatens. Cic. Ros. Am. 40.

hoc quoque maleficium, this crime likewise. — Id.

2. Nunc, now, points definitely to the present time; jam, already, has a reference to the past, and with negatives means no longer. A similar relation exists between tunc and tum: as, nunc jam aperte rempublicam pětis, now at last you openly attack the commonwealth. Cic. Cat. I. 5.

non est jam lēnītati locus, there is no longer room for lenity. - Id. II. 4.

nunc quidem delēta est, tunc flōrēbat, now to be sure it [ Greece] is destroyed, then it prospered. Id. Ros. Am. 4.

tum, cum ex urbe Cătilīnam eiciēbam, at the time when I was engaged in expelling Catiline from the city. - Id. Cat. III. 2.

3. Certō means certainly; certě usually at any rate: as, certo scio, I know for a certainty. — Cic. de Senect. 1. ŏnĕre aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis

et te et me ipsum lĕvāri volo, I wish both you and myself to be relieved of the weight of old age, which is either already pressing upon us, or at any rate approaching. - Id.