4. Primum, first, is usually followed by deinde, next, &c.; primo, at first, by posteā or mox, afterwards: as, primum mihi vidētur de gènere belli, deinde de magnitū dine, tum de imperātore deligendo esse dicendum, I think I must speak first of the nature of the war, next of dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concēdente, Vercin- 5. With ne... quidem, not even, the emphatic word stands between ne and quidem: as, ne ōminis quidem causā, not even for the sake of the omen. Cic. Ros. Am. 48. III. The following take the accusative or ablative: în, into, in; sub, under; subter, beneath; sŭpěr, above. 2 In and sub, when followed by the accusative, signify motion to, when by the ablative, rest in, a place: as, in Itǎliam venit, atque in Etruria tres annos mănēbat, he came to Italy, and staid in Tuscany three years. sub montem īvit, ibique sub arbore consēdit, he went to the foot of a hill, and sat down there under a tree. IV. The following require special explanation: In, with the accusative, means into; ad, to (the neighborhood), is used especially for persons; ex (e), out of, is the reverse of in; ab (a), away from, is the reverse of ad; de, from, has reference to a part of the object: as, lēgāti in castră veniunt, the ambassadors come into the camp. Cic. Ros. Am. 9. ut proficiscantur ad L. Sullam, that they may go to Lucius Sulla. - Id. e patrimōniō nudum expulisti, you cast him naked out of his ab sẽ injuriam prōpulsārě, to ward off injury from himself. Id. nihil de patris fortūnis ad suam rem convertit, he has turned nothing to his own use from his father's fortunes. — Id. 49. 43. CONJUNCTIONS. Conjunctions are more numerous, and their use is much more accurately distinguished, in Latin than in English. The following list includes those most important. 1. Et, and, connects independent words or clauses; -que (enclitic), combines closely into one connected idea; atque (sometimes ac before consonants), adds with emphasis: as, frĕmit miles et tribūnos centuriōnesque prōdītiōnis arguit, the soldiers rave and accuse the tribunes and centurions of treachery. - Tac. Hist. I. 80. mănēre ac deprehendi, an fugere et dispergi periculōsius foret, whether it were more dangerous to remain and be seized, or to fly and scatter. — Id. 81. When the second member is negative, neque (nec) is used: as, rediērunt in castra invīti neque innocentes, they return into the camp unwilling and not innocent. - Id. 82. 2. Sed and vērum (more forcible), but, are used to contradict what precedes, always after negatives; at, yet, to introduce with emphasis a new consideration, especially in argument; autem in the same way, especially in transitions, but with less force: as, non ad populi Rōmāni laudem, sed ad judicum crudēlitatem servatus, preserved, not for the praise of the Roman people, but the cruelty of the judges. - Cic. Verr. V. 1. sit fur, sit sacrilegus; at est bonus impĕrātor, grant he is a thief, a sacrilegious wretch,—for all that he is a good commander. Id. contagio autem ista servilis belli cur abs te praedicatur? but why is that infection of servile war brought forward by you? - Id. 3. non solum ...verum etiam (a favorite expression of Cicero's), not only. . . but also. — Cic. Cat. I. 10. 3. Aut, or, excludes the alternative; vel (-vě) gives a choice; sivě (seu) is properly used in disjunctive conditions, but is also used with words, especially two names for the same object: as, ǎbi potest illǎ aetas aut călescĕre vel aprīcātiōne melius vel igni, aut vicissim umbris ăquisvĕ refrigerari sălūbrius? where can that period of life either enjoy warmth better, whether by sunshine or by fire; or cool itself more healthfully, with shade or water? - Cic. de Senect. 16. sive ǎmor sive ǎmīcītia, whether love or friendship.— Cic. de Amic. 27. 4. Nam (namque), for, introduces a sufficient cause; ĕnim (ětěnim), an explanatory circumstance: as, id certe călămitāte docti měmŏriā retīnēre děbēmus. Nam tum, cum in Asia res magnas permulti āmīsĕrant, scimus Romae sõlūtiōne impĕdīta fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt ūnā in civitāte multi rem ac fortūnas āmittere ut non plures sēcum in eandem trahant călămitātem. This surely, taught by disaster, we ought to keep in memory. For when very many had lost great possessions in Asia, we know that at Rome credit fell by the stoppage of payments. For it is not possible that many lose their property and fortunes in one state without drawing more with them into the same calamity. — Cic. de Leg. Manil. 7. 5. Ergo, therefore, is used for things demonstrated; Ităque, in proofs from the nature of things; Igitur, then (a weak ergo), in passing from one stage of the argument to another; idcirco, for this reason, to call attention to a special argument: as, ergo idcirco turpis haec culpă est, quod duas res sanctissimas viõlat, therefore, for this reason, this is a base misdeed, because it violates two most holy things. — Cic. Rosc. Am. 39. nec se comitem illius fürōris sed ducem praebuit. Ităque hac amentia quaestiōne nòvā perterritus in Asiam profugit. Nulla est igitur excūsātio peccāti, si ǎmīci causā peccāvĕris, nor did he offer himself as an associate of this mad enterprise, but a leader. Therefore he fled to Asia, scared by a fresh accusation on account of this madness. It is then no excuse for a wrong, that you have done it for a friend. - Id. de Amic. 11, 37. 6. Quiă, because, regularly introduces a fact; quod, an allegation; quoniam, since, has reference to motives: as, illos quamquam sunt hostes, tămen, quia sunt cives, mõnitos vŏlo, although they are enemies, still, because they are citizens, I wish them to be admonished. - Cic. Cat. II. 12. quoniam nondum est perscriptum sĕnātus consultum, ex měmŏriā vōbis quid sĕnātus censuĕrit, expōnam. Primum mihi gratiae ǎguntur, quod virtute, consilio prōvidentiā meā respublica maxímis pĕrīcŭlis sit lībĕrata, since the decree of the Senate has not yet been written out, I will recite to you from memory what the Senate voted. In the first place, thanks are rendered to me on the ground that, by my courage, judgment, and foresight, the commonwealth has been freed from the greatest peril. Id. III. 6. 7. Quum (cum), when, is always a relative conjunction; quando is also used interrogatively: as, cum tăcent, clamant, when they are silent, they cry out. -Cic. Cat. I. 8. O rus, quando ego te adspiciam? O country, when shall I see thee?-Hor. Sat. II. 6, 60. 8. Et...et means both... and; tum...tum and (more commonly) cum... tum have the same meaning, but emphasize the second member: as, et privātim et publicē, both in private and in public. Cic. Verr. V. 1. tum deprecabitur a vōbis, tum ĕtiam pro suo jūre contendet, he will not only entreat from you, but will claim as his right. — Id. 9. Atque (ac) is used after words of similarity: as, rătio ordoque agminis ǎliter se hǎbēbat ac Belgae ad Ner vios dētŭlĕrant, the arrangement and order of the army was otherwise than as the Belgians had reported to the Nervii.-Cæs. B.G. II. 19. 10. Autem, ĕnim, vēro always stand second or third in the clause; the same is generally true of igitur, and often of tămen. See 2, 4, 5. 11. The same fondness for connecting one sentence closely with the preceding which caused the use of relatives at the commencement of a sentence (§ 48, IV.), led to the employment of namque, etĕnim, neque, &c., in the same place: as, namque me lupus fugit inermem, for a wolf fled from me, although unarmed. - Hor. Carm. I. 22, 9. 44. FORMATION OF WOrds. I. NOUNS DERIVED FROM NOUNS. 1. Those ending in um or ētum signify a collection or group: as, arboretum, grove; arbustum, orchard (arbor). 2. Diminutives usually end in ŏlus or ulus, often with the feminine and neuter terminations: as, filiolus, little son (filius); arbuscula, shrub (arbor); curricălum, little car (currus), or race-course. 3. Patronymics generally end in ǎdes or Ides (fem. is): as, Aeneǎdes, son of Aeneas (plural, companions); Peleides (contr. Pelides) son of Peleus; Tyndăris, daughter of Tyndarus. |