Languages, formal and radical ele- ments of, 216.
all formal elements of language originally substantial, 228. degrees of relationship of, 284. all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.
Langue d'Oil, ancient song in the, 196.
Laps, or Laplanders, 319. their habitat, 319. their language, 319. Latin, what is meant by, 67. changes in, according to Poly- bius, 67.
the old Salian poems, 67. provincialisms of Cicero, 67. stagnation of Latin when it be- came the language of civiliza- tion, 68.
Latin genitives, 117. similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127.
genealogical relation of Latin to Greek, 172.
the future in Latin, 230. Leibniz, the first to conquer the pre- judice that Hebrew was the primitive language of man- kind, 135.
and the first to apply the prin- ciple of inductive reasoning to the subject of language, 135.
his letter to Peter the Great, quoted, 136.
his labors in the science of lan- guage, 137.
his various studies, 138.
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, 373. Lesbos, dialects of the island of, 59.
Lettic language, the, 199.
Lewis, Sir Cornewall, his criticisms
on the theory of Raynouard, 171. Linnæus, his system, although im- perfect, important to science, 26. Literary languages, origin of, 65.
inevitable decay of, 68. Lithuanian language, the, 199.
the oldest document in, 199. Livius Andronicus, 104.
his translation of the Odyssey into Latin verse, 104. Livonians, dialect of the, 318.
Locative, formation of the, in all the Aryan languages, 219.
in Chinese, 119 note, 218. in Latin, 220.
Locke, John, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted, 24.
on universal ideas, quoted, 356.
his opinion on the origin of language, 40.
Lord, origin of the word, 122. Lord's Prayer, number of languages in which it was published by va- rious authors in the 16th century, 131 note.
Lucilius, his book on the reform of Latin orthography, 109. Lucina, a name of the moon, 21. Luna, origin of the name, 21. Lusatia, language of, 200. Lycurgus, his travels mythical, 94.
Ment, origin of the termination in French adverbs, 55. Mescheräks, tribe of the, their pres- ent settlements, 304. Milton, John, number of words used by, in his works, 267. Ming-ti, the Emperor of China, al- lows the introduction of Bud- dhism into his empire, 147. sends officials to India to study the doctrines of Buddha, 148. Missionaries, their importance in elucidating the problem of the dialectical life of language, 62. Moallakat, or "suspended poems," of the Arabs, 281.
Moffat, Rev. Robert, on the dialects of Southern Africa, 64. Monboddo, Lord, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted, 24.
his Ancient Metaphysics" quoted. 160 and note. Mongolian dialects, entering a new phase of grammatical life, 64. Mongolian class of languages, 296. grammar of, 323.
Mongols, their original seat, 296. three classes of them, 296. their conquests, 297.
dissolution of the empire, 299. their present state, 300. their language, 300.
Moon, antiquity of the word, 16. Moravia, devastated by the Mon- gols, 299.
Mortal, origin of the word, 382. Much and Very, distinction between,
Nebuchadnezzar, his name stamped on all the bricks made during his reign, 283.
Neo-Latin dialects, 196. Neuro, the, of Constantinus Porphyrogeneta, 91 note. Nestorians of Syria, forms and pres- ent condition of their language, 276, note.
Nicopolis, battle of, 307. No and nay, as used by Chaucer, 225. Nobili, Roberto de, 155.
his study of Sanskrit, 155. Nogái tribes, history of the, 303. Nomad languages, 290.
indispensable requirements of a nomad language, 292. wealth of, 71.
nomadic tribes and their wars, 315.
their languages, 316. Nominalism and Realism, contro- versy between, in the Middle Ages,
22. Norman words in the English lan- guage, proportion of, to Saxon words, 84.
Norway, poetry of, 192.
the hlod or quida, 193.
the two Eddas, 191-194. Norwegian language, stagnation of the, 70.
Number of known languages, 35.
OBSOLETE words and senses since
the translation of the Bible in 1611, 45.
Onomatopoieia, theory of, 358. Ophir of the Bible, 203. Origen, his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of man- kind, 132.
Origin of language, consideration of the problem of the common, 326 et seq. Ormuzd, the god of the Zoroastrians, mentioned by Plato, 207.
- discovery of the name Aura- mazda in the cuneiform in- scriptions, 207.
origin of the name Auramazda or Ormuzd, 207.
Os, the, of Ossethi, calling them- selves Iron, 243.
Oscan language and literature, the,
Osmanli language, the, 301, 306. Ostiakes, dialects of the, 63. Owl-glass, stories of, 260.
PALI, once the popular dialect of Behar, 146.
Panatius, the Stoic philosopher at Rome, 107.
Pânini, Sanskrit grammar of, 116. Pantomime, the, and the King, story of, 368.
Paolino de San Bartolomeo, Fra, first Sanskrit grammar published by, 142, 158.
Paradise, languages supposed by various authors to have been spoken in, 135, 136. Parsi, period when it was spoken in Persia, 210.
Parsis, or fire-worshippers, the an- cient, 205.
their prosperous colony in Bom- bay, 205.
their various emigrations, 205
Persian, subsequent history of Per- sian, 210.
Peshito, meaning of the word, 276
Philolaus, the Pythagorean, his guess on the motion of the earth round the sun, 29. Philology, comparative, science of, 31.
a historical science, 32. aim of the science, 81. Phoenician, closely allied to Hebrew, 280.
Plato, his notion of the origin of the Greek language, 126.
on Zoroaster, quoted. 206 note. Plautus, Greek words in the plays of, 104.
all his plays mere adaptations of Greek originals, 104. Pleiades, the, origin of the word, 17. Poland invaded by the Mongols,
Persia, origin of the Turkman, or Prussian, the old, language and liter-
Kisilbash of, 302.
Persian language, 83.
influence of the, over the Turk- ish language, 83.
the ancient Persian language. See Zend, Zend-avesta.
Regeneration, dialectical, one of the processes which comprise the growth of language, 58. Respectable, origin of the word, 256.
Reval dialect of Esthonian, 318. Rig-Veda, the, quoted, 88 note. Romance languages, their Latin or- igin, 170.
modifications of, 195.
Rome, influence of Greece on Rome,
changes in the intellectual at- mosphere of, caused by Greek civilization, 106.
the religious life of Rome more Greek than Roman, 107. expulsion of the Greek gram- marians and philosophers from Rome, 108.
compromise between religion and philosophy, 108.
wide interest excited by gram- matical studies in Roman society, 109. Roots or radicals, 252.
classes of roots, primary, sec- ondary, and tertiary, 262-264. demonstrative and predicative roots, 267.
how many forms of speech may be produced by the free com- bination of these constituent elements, 275.
all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.
the radical stage of language,
general ideas and roots, 356. origin of roots, 357. the bow-wow theory, 358. the pooh-pooh theory, 366. natural selection of roots, 386. Russia devastated by the Mongols,
SABIUS, a word not found in classi-
cal Latin, 103 note. Sæmund, Sigfusson, his collection of songs in Iceland, 193. Sagard Gabriel, on the languages of the Hurons, quoted, 62.
their origin in the ancient Italic Salian poems, the, and later Latin,
Sanskrit, history of the, language, 146.
doubts as to its age and authen- ticity examined, 147. accounts given by writers of various nations who became acquainted with the language and literature of India, 148. the Muhammedans in India, and their translations of San- skrit works into Arabic and Persian, 149.
European Missionaries, 155. studies and work of Frederick Schlegel, 164.
importance of the discovery of, in the classification of lan- guages, 172.
its genealogical relation to Greek and Latin, 172. antiquity of, 202.
Iranic languages, relation to,
Sciences, the necessity that science should answer some practical purpose, 19.
the classificatory stage, 25. the theoretical or metaphysical stage, 28.
impulses received by the physi- cal sciences from the philos- opher and poet, 29.
difference between physical and historical science, 32.
Scipios, influence of the "Cosmo- politan Club" at the house of the, 107.
Scythian words mentioned by Greck writers, 243.
Semitic family of languages, 43. study of, 131.
constituent elements of the, 272. divisions of the Semitic family of speech, 275. Aramaic class, 276. Hebraic class, 280. Arabic class, 281.
intimate relations of the three classes to each other, 281. Berber dialects, 282.
the Semitic and Aryan, the only families of speech de- serving that title, 282. genealogical table, 396. Senior, the title, 226. Septuagint, the, and Ptolemy Phila- delphus, 96 note.
Serpent, origin of the word, 380. Shakespeare, William, total number of words used by, in his plays, 267.
Siberia, Tungusic tribes of, 296.
Turkic tribes settled there, in, 304. dialects, 304.
Sibulla, meaning of the word, 103
Sibylla of Cuma, oracles of the, written in Greek, 103. Sigfusson. See Saemund. Sigismund, the Emperor, and the Bohemian schoolmaster, anecdote of, 47.
Silesia invaded by the Mongols, 299.
Sir, origin of the word, 226, 227. Siriane tribes, their habitat, 320.
their language, 319. Sister, origin of, 57.
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