warfare in Charleston and Camden. Soon he wrote home, “But for Sumter Guerrilla and Marion, South Carolina would be at peace." Marion was the south called the "Swamp Fox," but this would have been as good a name for almost any of the fighters who were such a trouble to Cornwallis. They lived in the swamps and on the mountains, and whenever the English felt especially secure, a band of these men would suddenly dash out, shoot a few "red-coats," rescue a handful of prisoners, and be out of sight before the enemy had a fair look at them. Indian warfare had been a good training for the Americans, and the Regulars never could become accustomed to this exceedingly irregular fashion of fighting. G James Richmond NI A York to Roanoke NORTH. CAROLINA Savar Raleigh Camden CAROLINA Eutaw Springs Fort Moultrie use མ་ Wilmington Benedict ATLANTIC Among Washington's most trusted officers was Benedict Arnold. He had helped to capture Ticonderoga, he had led the march through the Maine wilderness, he had gone to the aid of Fort Stanwix, and he was one of the two men who had forced Burgoyne to surrender. Congress had not promoted him as he and Washington Instead, however, of behaving so nobly that every one would see that Congress had made a mistake, he committed such a crime that people felt that Congress had been in the right. - Savannah The one thing that the British wanted most was to gain control of the Hudson. The strongest fort on the river was at West Arnold's Point. Arnold asked Washington to give him command of it, treason and Washington did so willingly, and without the least suspicion that his trusted officer meant to surrender it to the enemy. Major André was sent by the English to make the final plans. He was captured, papers showing his mission were found in his possession, and he was hanged as a spy. Arnold escaped to the British lines. He received a large amount of money and was made an officer in the British army, but he was despised for being a traitor. André was risking his life to serve his own country, and although by the custom of war he was hanged, every one was sorry, and wished Arnold could have been in his place. The traitor is said to have asked an American prisoner what his countrymen would do with him if they caught him. "They would bury with the honors of war the leg that was wounded at Quebec and Saratoga, and the rest of you. they would hang on a gibbet," was the answer. This terrible treason of the man whom he had trusted was a heavy blow to Washington. Tears fell from his eyes, but in all his sorrow and wrath he remembered the grief and anxiety of Arnold's wife, and sent her a message that her husband had escaped. So ended the year 1780, saddened by losses in the South, by the treason of a trusted officer, and by sufferings at Morristown, where Washington's army wintered, equal to those at Valley Forge. MAJOR ANDRÉ (From a portrait by himself) 1781. During the winter of 1780-81 the soldiers were freezing and A hard win- starving, and seemed almost ready to revolt, but when British ter at Morrisspies offered high pay to any one who would desert and join the town English army, the men indignantly refused. Washington was keeping close watch on the Hudson, but in the South Cornwallis held South Carolina. General Greene was sent against him. Sometimes one lost and sometimes the other, but, losing or winning, Greene was marching across North Carolina, and the British were pursuing. In the middle of the summer Cornwallis went to Yorktown, Virginia. The English ships would Cornwallis surrenders soon bring aid from New York, he thought. So they would, but at Yorktown the French ships were coming, too. Lafayette, whom he called "the boy," was pressing nearer. Washington suddenly dashed across the country and joined his ally. The French ships were on one side, the American forces on the other; there was nothing to do but to yield. October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered. The news came to Philadelphia in the night. It was the custom for the watchman to call the hour and say, "All is well;" but that night he called, "Past three o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken!" Except for a little trouble with the Indian allies of the British, the war was over. The Americans were free, and now it re mained to be seen what they would do with their freedom. SUMMARY. 1777. Washington's ability as a commander won respect in Europe. Franklin gained friends in France, and Lafayette came to aid the Americans. 1778. The British took Philadelphia, but their plan to cut New England from New York failed, and Burgoyne's army was captured at Saratoga. The Americans suffered much at Valley Forge from cold and hunger, but France promised aid and Clark saved the Northwest for the United States. The British planned to take Georgia and work to the north. 1779-1781. The victories of the Bon Homme Richard increased European Arnold's treason was a great blow to Washington and to the country. SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITTEN WORK. One of Cornwallis's soldiers writes home what happened on the Delaware. A day at Valley Forge. A British soldier describes one of Marion's attacks. Disagreements among the colonies XVIII THE YEARS OF WEAKNESS 1782-1789. THE thirteen colonies had stood together to resist the king, but now each one began to think what would be best for itself. There were many difficult questions to settle, and no one had any right WASHINGTON RESIGNING HIS COMMISSION AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF (From Trumbull's painting in the Yale Art Gallery) to settle them. The most pressing matter was how to raise money. Congress could impose taxes, but if a state did not choose to pay them, there was no power to make it; and some people said, "We would not let Parliament tax us, and we will not let Congress." During the war, the Americans had paid no Financial difficulties debts to British merchants, and, indeed, had been forbidden to pay such debts. Congress now requested the people to pay, but they did not obey. England retaliated in several ways, one of which was to pass laws that injured American commerce. The Americans could not make any such laws against England and so force that country to treat them fairly, because a law that might be of advantage to one state might not be of value to another, and they could not agree among themselves what laws to make. Each state was looking out for itself, and there were so many disagree |