utes; but the water should be kept warm after that until the beverage is drawn for drinking. Mr. Fellows found the amount of tannin extracted from the best Japan tea, after steeping for five minutes, to be 0.10 per cent; after ten minutes, 0.98 per cent; after thirty minutes, 3.09 per cent. It is to the tannin that the astringent properties of tea are due, and when tea has been boiled it is so astringent that it is well-nigh unfit for use, and, indeed, may cause derangements of the digestive organs.

Tea contains small amounts of albuminous and starchy substances, but, as has been stated, these are present in such small amounts that they are not worthy of consideration.

Tea is subject to the following adulterations, which fortunately are not largely used at present:

1. "Spent" leaves, those which have been once used for making tea, are dried and mixed with fresh leaves. This adulteration is not practiced extensively in this country.

2. The poorer varieties are mixed with the better, and the whole sold as of first quality.

3. Green tea is sometimes tinted with indigo and gypsum. Prussian blue is said also to be used, but the writer has failed to detect it after examining many samples. Black tea is also tinted with graphite. This is not used in large amounts, and, as used, is not detrimental to health but is a pecuniary fraud.

4. Other leaves, notably those of the willow, elder, and beech, are added to the tea leaves. None of these are exactly like the tea leaf, and the adulteration may be detected by close inspection even without a microscope. The border of the tea leaf is serrated nearly, but not quite, to the stalk. The primary veins run from the midrib nearly to the border, and turn in so that there is a distinct space left between their terminations and the border. Tea dust, which consists of broken leaves and sweepings of tea storage houses, is a legitimate article of commerce, yielding an average of 1.27 per cent of theine.

COFFEE.

It is unnecessary to go into detail concerning coffee, since it resembles tea in so many of its properties. The active principle of coffee, called caffeine, is indentical in chemical composition and physiological effects with theine of tea. The per cent of this

substance in the raw coffee berry is about one, and this is not given up so readily to water as that in tea.

There is no volatile oil corresponding to that of tea in raw coffee, but one or more such oils are generated by roasting. The physiological action is not the same, however, as that of tea. It is not so stimulating, nor does it increase the perspiration to so great an extent.

Tannin is present in a much smaller amount than in tea, and for this reason the steeping of coffee may be carried on longer than ten minutes.

The unground coffee cannot be adulterated to any extent, but the ground coffee put in packages and boxes is almost universally adulterated. Often it contains no coffee at all. A student of the writer examined all the specimens that could be obtained in the market. The first, known as Java coffee, put up by the "Centennial Coffee Company," of New York, contained, besides some coffee, chicory, pease, wheat, acorns, and corn. The second, "Gillies Gold Medal Java," contained very little coffee, being composed principally of wheat, much of it unground chicory, corn, and pease. The remaining samples were ground coffee, sold in bulk, and in every case adulterated.

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CHOCOLATE.

Chocolate is prepared from the ground seeds of the fruit of the cocoa palm. Cocoa nibs consist of these seeds, which are about the size of almonds, roughly broken, while chocolate contains a substance theobromine - very similar, but not identical with theine or caffeine. Its other constituents give it a very different position in the class of foods. The cocoa seeds contain from 45 to 49 per cent of fat, and from 14 to 18 per cent of nitrogenous matter. It will be seen from this that these seeds may be classed among the most nutritious foods. Chocolate always contains sugar, which has been mixed with the ground seeds.

Chocolate does not stimulate the nervous system to anything like the extent that tea and coffee do; but for travelers and others who cannot obtain milk, chocolate may be used instead of that, the most nutritious of liquid food.

Chocolate is often adulterated by the addition of too much sugar, or with starch.

A MAN IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.

BY C. C. LORD, OF HOPKINTON.

I. WHAT is a man? This question is hard to answer. Man is many things. He is a machine. He is composed of many bones, muscles, nerves, etc., all designed to operate in unison in one body. Yet he is more than a body. He is endowed with certain superimposed attributes. They are sensibility, intelligence, comprehension, etc. Still every mental endowment, as well as every bodily organ, is specially identified in man's nature. There can be no true life, education, or accomplishment unless every department of man's nature is taken into account. Structurally, man is amenable to nature's law of debt and credit. Like any machine, he wears. Every time he does, thinks, or feels anything, his constitution sustains a loss. He may not always realize this fact, but the fact still exists. Hence, being active, man is constantly in need of repairs or recuperation. But there is a more important respect in which man is a machine. He is like a clock. A clock is wound up and runs down. Man is wound up till middle life and then runs down. Man is in his full power in middle life. Before and after middle life, he is in partial power. In this he is inferior to a clock. He has no regulator to make him run evenly. Neither can he be wound up but once in a lifetime.

We have thus far spoken of man as if all men were alike. They are essentially alike so far as we have stated the case. They are unlike in every particular illustration of the general fact. No two men are just alike in their proportions of structural

organization and power. Some men have more bone, or muscle, or nerve; others have more sensibility, or intelligence, or comprehension. The parts and attributes of manhood, therefore, express indeterminable varieties. The law of nature that affords these varieties cannot be changed. It is co-existent with creation itself. Consequently, we must contemplate the human race as an aggregate of varieties. When we order anything for human. society we must do it with respect to the law of varieties. we ask anything of a man we must do so in view of his fitness for something. The same is true when we affirm anything of a man. Hence, when we say, "a man in New Hampshire," we mean a certain kind of man. We mean one who cannot exist except in certain conditions and circumstances. We will try to define them.

When

He is more delicate A fine watch is affected

II. A man is a very delicate machine. than the finest watch ever constructed. by a thousand and one accidents. Position, management, temperature, electricity, and many other things, affect the usefulness of a fine watch. The same is more true of a man. A watch cannot be successfully used in a place where there are many unfavorable conditions. So with a man. In New Hampshire there are certain local conditions peculiar to its latitude, longitude, and other descriptive and physical geographical aspects. No man can encounter these conditions successfully unless he has a certain personal constitution. Observe what we say. We are not speaking of bare existence in New Hampshire, nor of indifferent social life here. Like many other people of our state, we are possessed of an ideal theme of manhood. When we speak of successful life in New Hampshire, we mean the life of the standard New Hampshire man. We mean the man who can face the elements, develop manhood, and make his personal influence felt in the social circles of our state.

Let the reader in imagination take a position of observation. The place is the railroad passenger station of our state capital. The time is the middle of summer. He sees a vast number of people coming on the trains. Among them are numerous successful men. A good observer knows them at a glance. Their forms, aspects, and manners identify them unmistakably. But

they are in great variety. The practical and the ideal, the aggressive and the submissive, the active and the sedentary, all appear in the various forms of successful manhood. There are stout and thin men, muscular and brainy men, slow and quick men, all leaders in their appropriate spheres. Now let us change the time of observation. The reader stands in the same place in the middle of January. There are fewer people coming now on the trains. There are fewer leading men among them. They are also more uniform in personal appearance. There is a predominance of the physically vital element among them. They incline to largeness of stature, rotundity of form, breadth and fullness of face and trunk, and general bodily solidity; but, other things equal, they have front brains of moderate size. They are strong, practical men, but they are not predominantly intellectual men. Why this great change since summer?

In the summer there were men from nearly or quite all parts of the civilized world. They were the representatives of numerous latitudes and climes. Numbers of them came to New Hampshire to stop, as it were, only a day. They came to rest from labor, breathe the air, see the landscape, or otherwise to enjoy recreation. With the advent of autumn, like birds of passage, they departed. They were not in any strict, technical sense, New Hampshire men. In the winter another and a more homogeneous class of prominent men linger here. They are the men who stay here all the year round. They are a part of our state social identity. They are the men who are as strong as our rockribbed hills themselves. They face the elements, encounter ruggednesses, shape enterprises, lead communities, and in an eminent sense make their personal influences felt. They are the Atlantes of our state. They carry New Hampshire on their shoulders. Other New Hampshire men have influence. These men have that kind of influence that is personally predominant, and without enlisting which no general social enterprise in New Hampshire can be accomplished.

III. Why are such men leaders in New Hampshire? They are the result of a kind of "natural selection." Roughness of surface, severity of climate, and attendant obstacles determine the form and character of predominating personal influences. A