insect, and will draw moisture where it can be found. Take fly paper or any thick paper saturated with a poisonous liquid and lay it on cabbage leaves near the ground, and it will be sure to be found by the thirsty butterfly and destroy many of them; but still many will escape and lay their eggs, and worms will grow and eat cabbage, but it will lessen their number. Other simple remedies heretofore spoken of may save the cabbages from much injury.

Another remedy, which incidentally comes under our observation this season, we have faith as being the most efficacious of any yet advanced. A farmer near me, to save his cabbage from being destroyed by his hens, set some hundred plants in his cornfield. There are six rows of corn before the cabbages are reached and two rows are left vacant for the cabbages. While all cabbage yards in this vicinity have been much troubled by worms, these cabbages have hardly been molested. The butterfly flies low as a rule, and the thick corn has prevented it from reaching this farmer's cabbage to any extent. One warm afternoon while hundreds of butterflies were fluttering over and through my cabbage patch, I visited these cabbages in the corn and not a butterfly could be seen. If this is a preventive to debar butterflies from laying their eggs on cabbages, which produces these destructive green worms, it will be but little trouble for the farmer to prepare his narrow cabbage patch in his cornfield and with the aid of the cabbage plant protector against the brown cut-worm there will be no trouble to grow cabbages. Also the gardener can plant his sweet corn around his cabbage plot the same way. This may not be an effectual remedy, but it certainly has an apparently tangible argument in its favor. At any rate, it will cost but a very little time and expense to try it.

We have endeavored in a brief way to show the importance and benefit of a well cultivated garden, and how the cabbage should be treated from its incipient stages down to the culinary department; also the worm, which seeks its destruction from the young plant to the time it is harvested. There never will be an effectual remedy against the ravages of insects on the husbandman's crops, but in a measure they can be 'relieved. The farmer's work is based on uncertainty from the commencement until his

crops are gathered. It may be too dry or too late, or the insects may ravage, but when year after year rolls round, the constant and vigilant labor of the farmer is crowned with success. If the gentle hints on the various subjects brought up in this article may prove of some benefit to a few of the many, then our efforts have not been wholly in vain.

[NOTE.

It is proposed to publish a series of articles, similar to the above, in relation to other garden products. —Sec.]

SOME OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA.

BY S. D. LORD, OF MANCHESTER.

STORMS are generated in the atmosphere out of its constituents. They receive their support from it. Their energies originate from and are exhausted in the atmosphere. Storms are the result of forces, as well as of materials, always present in the heavens.

They are not lawless, but have method and are as subservient to law as the summer cumulus that floats above us, and yield to gravitation as readily as the drop of rain that falls from their angry clouds. We need not be surprised then when the gentle zephyrs are transformed to the wild hurricane and the air is thick with clouds, for we know the summer morning conceals within its loveliness all the elements of clouds, cyclones, and the fire of electricity. There is but a change of conditions when the heavens are darkened with clouds and the tornado rolls in their midst.

If we look for the forces developed in the mechanics of storms, we find the same agents at work there - heat and gravity — as are found everywhere in nature, and the materials they work upon are the atmosphere and the moisture it contains.

To better study our subject, we will ascend to the storm clouds. We see them to be mists, lighter than the air, therefore floating in it. Particles of these mists united together become heavier than the atmosphere and drop in rain to the earth. These, with the glare of lightning and the winds, moving the clouds apparently around a common center, hence called cyclonic, we find.

are all

Our analysis is truly simple, and we comprehend it. But the cloud mass becomes denser, larger. The wind increases in force

because the atmosphere yields its moisture to the clouds, and the vacant air seeks its equilibrium with tremendous force. Now we understand this- the hurricane. Let us here apply our early studies. Water by heat is transformed to vapor, and the moisture by a change to a sufficiently low temperature is reduced to water again.

In these changes energies are collected or dispersed. Water is 770 times heavier than air, and a cubic foot of water converted to vapor would fill a space of some 1,700 cubic feet, that is, 1,699 cubic feet more than the original water occupied. Now, if this 1,700 cubic feet of vapor were suddenly reduced to water, there would be a vacuum of the 1,699 feet. Here is the vacuum for the winds to fill; they are demanded, and are more or less in force according as the vacuum is more or less complete. Here is the origin of storm winds. It is now our duty to speak more particularly of winds, as they form a very conspicuous part in all

storms.

Wind is air in motion and elementary writers say there are three forces acting upon the atmosphere to give it motion, and Prof. Ferrel, formerly in the Signal Service department, names a fourth. These winds are developed as follows: 1. By difference in the weight or specific gravity of the atmosphere in different localities at the same time; 2. In the tendency of the atmosphere like liquids to move to lower levels; 3. By the daily revolution of the earth; 4. In the language of Prof. Ferrel, it "arises from a combination of a rotative east or west motion of the atmosphere with the rotatory motion of the earth."

There is also an annual or orbital motion of the earth which I desire to consider in this connection. It may be included in the third force named before, but it presents to me a force much more important in relation to winds than the simple revolution of the earth on its axis. To explain, Mr. Ferrel and others credit this third wind to the simple daily revolution of the earth on its axis, which at the equator is something over one thousand miles per hour, diminishing in velocity every degree north and south, till at the poles it becomes zero, while the orbital motion is at the rate of 65,000 miles and more per hour, and is not considered by them. They would estimate only the revolving force of the ball

shot from the rifled cannon, while the momentum of the ball in its flight is not made a factor. It is evident, I think, the annual motion of the earth is the principle cause of this wind influence, with a slight increment of force by the daily revolution.

The air is considered an elastic body forty-five miles or more in depth surrounding the globe - which moves upward of 65,000 miles per hour in its orbit and it must, it would seem, present a difference in depth in its east front and west rear as the earth plunges into space, and this would cause necessarily a difference in weight of the atmosphere on the earth as it revolves. There is such a difference daily as determined by the barometer, perhaps also explainable otherwise. There is a mean maximum and also a mean minimum pressure. This then may be a fifth influence or force acting to produce wind.

This explains the trade winds equally with the daily revolution which acts with it.

I give also (to digress a moment) some credit to this orbital motion of the earth in producing the ocean currents. The earth moving with great velocity to the east, the waters of the ocean mobile in every way in seeking an equilibrium would meet the advancing eastern shores greatly swollen, and a current as at St. Roque would flow to the north or south. Hence the currents would, east of the coast, rush toward it, and west of the shore recede from it. It is, of course, the resistance of the coast which deflects the currents to the north or south. I beg to refer the reader to any map of the ocean currents with an application of these suggestions to facts, remembering these ocean currents would generally tend toward the eastern shores of the continents and recede from the western, modified of course by intervening islands.

The foregoing named forces are sufficient to account for all phenomena of atmospheric motion.

The general current of the air is toward the east, following the motion of the earth in that direction, but it lags greatly behind, and there are, in any given area of the atmosphere moving eastward, internal motions in every possible direction, so in a storm the winds from internal causes may blow in all directions, yet the superior force behind is constantly urging the storm area to the east.