century he has resided amidst the scenes and the scenery described, and from mid-day to midnight, in winter and in summer, has gazed upon them with a joyous enthusiasm that never tired. First impressions, corrected and improved by subsequent study and examination, are now reproduced for the eye of the public and the heart of the pious. In many departments of Biblical literature the student in Europe or America, surrounded by ample libraries, is in a better situation to carry on profitable inquiry than the pilgrim in the Holy Land, however long his loiterings or extended his rambles. But it is otherwise in respect to the scenes and the scenery of the Bible, and to the living manners and customs of the East which illustrate that blessed book. Here the actual observer is needed, not the distant and secluded student. To describe these things and such as these, one must have seen and felt them; and this the author has done through many years of vicissitude and adventure, and whatever of life and truthfulness there may be in his pen-pictures is due to this fact. Where he has been he proposes to guide his reader, through that "good land" of mountain and vale and lake and river: to the shepherd's tent, the peasant's hut, the palace of kings, the hermit's cave, the temple of the gods-to the haunts of the living and the sepulchres of the dead-to muse on what has been and converse with what is, and learn from all what they teach concerning the oracles of God. A large part of these pages was actually written in the open country. On sea-shore or sacred lake, on hill-side or mountain-top, under the olive, or the oak, or the shadow of a great rock-there the author lived, thought, felt, and wrote, and place and circumstance have, no doubt, given color and character to many parts of the work. He would not have it otherwise. The Bible, at once his guide, pattern, and text, is pervaded with the air of rural life; and He who came from heaven to earth for man's redemption loved the country, not the city. To the wilderness and the mountain He retired to meditate and pray. Thither He led His disciples and the listening multitudes; and from seed-time and harvest, and flocks and shepherds, and birds and flowers, He drew His sweetest lessons of instruction. In that identical land, amidst the same scenes, has the author of this work earnestly cultivated communion and intimate correspondence with that Divine Teacher, and with the internal and external life of the Book of God; and what he has found and felt he has tried to trace upon the silent page for other eyes to see and other hearts to enjoy. A new generation of readers and students of the Sacred Scriptures has arisen, and the interest in Biblical studies has been greatly increased and extended. Any work designed to meet the wants of those who now daily search the Scriptures should abound in illustrations, both textual and pictorial, which are accurate and reliable in detail, and the information imparted must be brought down to the present day. No effort has been spared which was found necessary to reach such a result. The pictorial illustrations are entirely new, prepared specially for this work from photographs taken by the author, and from the best existing materials, and they have been drawn and engraved, under his superintendence, by artists in London, Paris, and New York. The thanks of the author are due to his publishers for the liberal manner in which this most costly part of the work has been executed. Great attention has been bestowed upon the spelling of proper names, and all who have any knowledge of the subject will appreciate its importance. It is extremely perplexing to ordinary readers to meet with a dozen different ways of spelling the name of the same person, place, or thing. To avoid this confusion it is absolutely necessary to have some well-defined system, and the one adopted for this work is that of Dr. Edward Robinson. This system, drawn up by Dr. Robinson, and his fellow-traveller, Dr. Eli Smith, was submitted to the general meeting of the Syrian Mission. After careful examination, in which the author participated, it was adopted by the mission; and it has gradually grown in public favor-has been accepted by the Palestine Exploration Fund of England, by the American Exploration Society, by recent writers, and in guide-books to the Holy Land. In addition to the names which occur in our English Bible, the present Arabic names of places are added in all important cases a feature, in this work, of much importance. This volume of the Land and Book is supplied with two carefully prepared indexes-one of texts, and the other of names and subjects-and the attention of the reader is directed to them, as they will facilitate reference to those parts of the work where the Scripture passages illustrated, and the subjects treated of, are to be found. And now, with the cheerful hope and fervent prayer that our pleasant pilgrimage together through the earthly Canaan. may hereafter be resumed and perpetuated in the heavenly, the author bids his courteous reader farewell. New York, 1879. W. M. T. Arrival at Jaffa.-Difficulty of Landing.-First View of the Land of Promise.-Main Thoroughfare.-Biârah.—Antiquity of Jaffa.—Andromeda and Perseus.-M. Scaurus. —Modern Jaffa.-Dangerous Roadstead.—Sawulf.-The Prophet Jonah.-Whales in the Mediterranean.-Jonah's Gourd.-Tarshish.-Pious Language of the Orient- als.-Jonah in Nineveh.-Preparations for the Journey.-Gardens of Jaffa.-Persian Water-wheel.-Shadûf.-Methods of Irrigation.-Water-wheel at Hamath.-Water- ing with the Foot.-Fruits of Jaffa.-How best to observe in Palestine.-Moses's View of the Promised Land.-Oriental Fair.-Dorcas.-City Gate, and Biblical Al- lusions to it.-Saracenic Fountain.-Wanderings through the City.-Jaffa and its Surroundings.-House of Simon the Tanner.-Tanneries.-Potter and Wheel.—Cus- tom of breaking Defiled Vessels.-Sherd at the Hearth and the Pit.-Palestine the Home of the Bible.-Mission of Biblical Poets.-Analysis of the First Psalm.-Nat- Departure for er Râs.-Foreign Residences and Schools in the Suburbs.-Contemplated Railroad and Harbor.-Modern Fruit compared with Biblical.-Sarona, the German Colony.-Unhealthiness of the Plain.-Castle of Mirabel.-River 'Aujeh, the possible Boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh.-Buffaloes and Papyrus.-Er Râs, Site of Antipatris. Native Traditions concerning Napoleon Bonaparte.-Jiljûlieh, Site of Gil- gal.-Kefr Sâba, Traditional Site of Antipatris.-Tent Life.-Mosaic Law respecting Pledged Raiment.-Route from Kefr Sâba to Cæsarea.-Kilkîlieh.-Hableh.—River Kânah.-Boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh.-River Fâlik.-Lot of Ephraim and Manasseh.-The Hebrew Y'ar and the Arabic W'ar.-Doom of the Gibeonites.- Marshy Watercourses.-Bethar.-Bâkah.-Jett, possible Gath-rimmon.-Oak Glades. -Camp at Tawahîn ez Zerka, near Cæsarea.-Sindiâneh.-Death of Absalom in the Wood of Ephraim. - Robber's Grave. - Fog at Early Morning.- El Kusr, Roman Theatre. Aqueducts across the Marsh of ez Zoar,-Ancient Quarries of Cæsarea.— Ride to Dor.-Seaboard of Syria.-'Athlît.-Dor and her Towns.-Harbor of Cæsarea. -Cornelius the Centurion.-Peter's Mission.-Paul the Apostle to the Gentiles.- Ruins of Cæsarea.-Revolt and Massacre of the Jews.-Destruction of Cæsarea.— Aqueducts.-Mill-dam and Mills of ez Zerka.-The Crocodile River .. Page 44 Nature's Call to Worship.-Marsh of the Zerka.-Crocodiles.-Paul a Prisoner at Cæ- sarea. Ancient Itineraries and Geographers.-Strato's Tower.-Ride from Cæsarea to Samaria.-Bâkah.-Native Customs.-Hill-country of Samaria.-Numerous Vil- lages. Philistines.-Tellûl Abu Zabûrah.-Water-spouts.-Flying-fish.—Abu Zabûrah. -Derb el Kheît.-Nests of Field-sparrows.-Mukhâlid.-Watermelons.-Ants great Robbers.—Subterranean Granaries.—Sand-downs.—Shifting Banks of the Brooks.— Groves of the Stone Pine.-Richard Cœur de Lion.-Bedawîn Shepherds of Sharon.— Rose of Sharon.-El Haram.-Arsûf.-Apollonia.-Bridge over the 'Aujeh.-Popula- tion of Palestine in Ancient Times.-Census taken by Moses.-Limited Area of Pales- tine.-Density of the Population.-Comparative Cost of Living.-Manners and Cus- toms.-Prophecy of the Mother of King Lemuel.-Modern Palestine.-Plain of Sharon. -Mirage.-Origin of the Philistines.-Beit Degân, Beth Dagon.-Renthieh, Arimathea. -Ludd.-Church of St. George.-Harvest Scene.-Lines of Ancient Traffic.-Wo- men Grinding at the Mill.-Tût Shâmy, Damascus Mulberry.-Camp at the Tower Tower at Ramleh.-Subterranean Vaults.-Ascent of the Tower.-Extensive View from the Top of it.-Arimathea.-Ramleh.-Church of St. John.-Tell Jezer, Gezer.-Bi- lingual Inscription at Tell Jezer.-Modin.-Tombs of the Maccabees.-Biblical Sites on the Road from Ludd to Jerusalem.-Kefîr, Chephira of the Gibeonites.-Merj Ibn 'Omier, Valley of Aijalon.-Tibneh, Timnath-serah.-Inheritance of Joshua.-Sepul- chre of Joshua.-Oriental Superstitions regarding Sacred Tombs.-Oak at Tibneh.— 'Amwâs, Emmaus.-Nicopolis.-Beit Nûba.-Significance of Ancient Biblical Sites.- A Learned Pundit.-Testimony of the Land to the Truth of the Book Soap Factories at Ramleh.-Alkali.-Cactus.-Open Cistern.-Wady 'Aly.-Lâtrôn.— 'Akir, Ekron.-Return of the Ark.-'Ain esh Shems, Beth-shemesh.-Slaughter of the Beth-shemites.-Baal-zebub, the God of Ekron.-Ekron and her Towns.-Floral Beau- ty of the Plain of Philistia.-Eastern Border of Philistia.—Samson at Timnath.-Bibli- cal Sites.—Social Relations between the Hebrews and the Canaanites.-Intermarriages. -Ancient Inhabitants not Exterminated.-Beasts of the Field.-Philip and the Eunuch. -Sirocco Winds, Two Kinds.-Wady Sărâr, Valley of Sorek.-El Mughâr, Makkedah. -Azekah.-Libnah.-Yebna, Jamnia.-Mosk at Jamnia.-Fortifications at the Har- |