Case E contains the following select bronzes:

1. A figure of a Satyr springing forward. The attitude is very similar to that of the male figure in a group thought to represent Marsyas and Athena. (Archäol. Zeitung, 1874, pl. 8).-Greece.

2. Seilenos standing on a triangular base, and bearing on his head a basket which has been surmounted by a floral ornament.

3. Winged head, probably of Hypnos, the god of sleep. A most beautiful example of sculpture in bronze, found at Perugia, and engraved in the Monumenti of the Roman Institute, 1856, pl. iii.

4. Iconic head, life-size, found at Cyrene, under the pavement of the temple of Apollo. The eyes have been enamelled. The type of face seems that of an African. (Smith and Porcher, Discoveries at Cyrene, pl. lxvi.)

5. Head, life-size, probably of a poet, brought from Constantinople in the beginning of the 17th century. (Museum Marbles, Pt. II., pl. xxxix.)

6. Venus arranging her tresses.—Pourtalès.

7. Mercury, on its original base inlaid with silver. Round the neck is the Gaulish torc in gold. This figure was found in France; (Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, I., pl. xxxiii.)-Payne Knight.

8. Hercules, found at Bavay in France. (Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, II., pl. xxxiii.) Presented by Mr. E. Drummond Hay.

9. Jupiter, found at Paramythia, in Northern Greece. - Payne Knight. (Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, I., pl. xxxii.)

10. Jupiter, found in Hungary.-Pourtalès.

11. Mask of Mercury.-Payne Knight. (Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, I., pl. xviii.)

12. Jupiter, found at Paramythia. (Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, I., pl. lii.)-Payne Knight.

13. Apollo bending his bow. Found at Paramythia. (Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, I., pl. xliii.)-Payne Knight.

14. Lamp, in the form of a greyhound's head. The spout is formed by a hare's head, held in the greyhound's mouth. Found at Nocera, in Italy.

15. A boy playing at the game of morra, perhaps, from a group representing Ganymedes playing with Eros; said to have been found at Foggia, in Southern Italy.

Table Case D contains a number of select bronzes, among which may be noticed (1) the bronzes of Siris-two shoulder-pieces of Greek armour found in Magna Græcia, and ornamented with groups in relief in the finest style; (2) a youthful heroic figure seated, found at Tarentum, and in the finest style; (3) a bronze mirror in a highly ornamented frame of unusual size, found at Locri; (4) a mirror, on which is engraved the meeting of Helen and Menelaos at the taking of Troy; (5) a group of Boreas and Oreithyia, from a tomb in the island of Calymnos; (6) an iron sword in bronze scabbard, with relief representing an Emperor, probably Tiberius, receiving a victorious general, probably Germanicus. Found at Mayence, 1848. Presented by the late Felix Slade, Esq.

Table Case. C contains (1) two Archaic figures of horsemen, embossed in silver, found at Perugia; (2) a disk with an engraving of an athlete with the halteres, on reverse, an athlete throwing a spear, from Sicily; (3) a hare inscribed with a dedication to Apollo; (4) a bronze plate from Elis inscribed with a treaty; two decrees of the people of Corcyra (Corfu); (5) dikast's tickets from Athens, and (6) a tablet with Oscan inscription on both sides, found at Agnone, near Bovianum.

On Table Cases A, C, D, and F, are arranged, Etruscan mirrors, on which various mythological subjects are engraved. Case A contains armlets, fibula, and various personal ornaments and trappings. Case F, locks, keys, and a variety of small implements.

In the circular Case G is a silver bucket, on which is a frieze, in relief, representing the four Seasons. Found near Vienne, in France. (Anuali of the Roman Institute, 1852. Tav. d'Agg., L.)

The circular case H contains specimens of bronze armour, among which may be noticed the cuirass from the Temple Collection.

In the circular case I are (1) a lebes, the cover of which is surmounted by a figure of Aphroditè-Persephonè, round whom are figures on horseback and Sirens; (2) a small figure of Aphroditè-Persephonè, remarkable for beauty and preservation. In the eyes are set diamonds. From Verona. Castellani. (3) Athenè Promachos, from Athens. Castellani. (4) A mirror, the handle formed by a figure of AphroditePersephone. From Greece. Castellani.

Table Case K contains a cista, the body of which has been partly formed of leather. On the cover is incised a battle scene; the handle is formed by two warriors carrying the dead body of a third warrior. C. T. NEWTON.

[Guide to the Bronze Room, 3d.]

BRITISH ANTIQUITIES.

The remains of the inhabitants of the British islands, previous to the Roman invasion, embrace the Stone, Bronze, and a portion of the Iron period of Northern Antiquaries. They have, for convenience, been classed according to their materials, and in the order corresponding to that of the supposed introduction of such materials into this country. With them have been placed similar remains from other countries for the purpose of illustration.

Cases 1-4. Middle Shelf (Case 1, 2). Antiquities found in the Drift Beds of England and France, chiefly flint implements of a peculiar pear-shaped form. These have been found with the bones

H

of the mammoth and other extinct animals, and are believed to be the oldest remains of human industry hitherto discovered.

Other Shelves. Implements known as stone celts. They appear by analogous examples, still in use among nations in a savage state, to have been mounted in wooden handles, and bound round with leathern thongs, so as to form axes and adzes. These are from England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Cases 5-12. Early pottery found in British tumuli. The larger urns have contained burnt ashes; the smaller may have been used as vessels for food and drink at the funeral feast. One urn was found in a barrow on the banks of the river Alaw, Anglesea, and has been supposed to have contained the ashes of Bronwen the Fair, aunt to Caractacus, who died about A.D. 50, but is probably much older; also urns found in Jersey, Ireland, and Scotland; the Scotch and Irish are generally more elaborately ornamented than the English.

Cases 11, 12. Various stone implements, viz.:-Stone hammers, or axe-heads, pierced to receive a wooden shaft; they have been occasionally found with bronze weapons, and appear to be of a later date than the stone celts. Oval pebbles, which may have been slingstones. Small sharpening stones or hones, pierced at one end for suspension. Circular pierced disks, which have been used as beads, or as whorls for the spindle.

Table Case A. A mass of breccia from the floor of a cave at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, containing flint and bone implements.

Table Case B. In the central part is a large collection of implements in reindeer-horn, flint, &c., from caves in the South of France, some of them from Bruniquel, near Montauban, others from Dordogne. In the Desks are placed on one side various antiquities discovered in British barrows; on the other a series of antiquities discovered on the sites of dwellings built on piles in the shallow parts of the Swiss lakes. They afford much information as to the arts, habits, and food of the ancient inhabitants.

Table Case C. Collections of objects, chiefly in bone or horn, found in the Caves of Dordogne, France, and belonging to the Christy Collection. With them are casts of the famous drawing of a mammoth, of which the original is in Paris.

Cases 13-25. Implements and weapons made of bronze, a mixed metal, usually compounded of about nine-tenths of copper to one-tenth of tin. The sites of discovery are, as far as possible, marked on the objects themselves.

Cases 13-15. Illustrations of early British Metallurgy. Lower Shelf. Stone mullers or hammers, which have been employed in ancient copper mines to break the ore; cakes of copper and bronze; stone mould for making rough bronze celts, and casts of moulds for making bronze swords. Middle Shelf. Bronze moulds for casting celts of various forms; unfinished and imperfectly formed celts from various localities, and lumps of copper found with them.

Cases 16-20. Bronze implements, commonly called celts (from the Latin celtis, a chisel), which appear to have been affixed to wooden

handles. They are arranged, according to their forms, into classes. On the upper shelf, two bronze shields, found in Wales.

Cases 21, 22. Middle Shelf. Blades of bronze daggers and knives, of which the handles were of wood, horn, or bone. Lower Shelf. Bronze swords, among which some fine specimens from the Thames; and ends of sword-sheaths. Upper Shelf. Bronze swords from Ireland. Cases 23–25. Bronze shield found in the Isis, near Dorchester. Two shields found in the Thames. Bronze spear-heads, some with rivet holes, in which a wooden peg appears to have been fixed; others without rivet holes, but with loops at the side, or piercings in the blade, for thongs. Bronze trumpets from Ireland.

Table Case N. Miscellaneous antiquities of the Bronze period from foreign countries.

Cases 26-35. The Greenwell collection, consisting of sepulchral vessels of pottery, such as cinerary urns, food vessels, drinking cups, and incense cups, together with the various flint, stone, and bronze implements, personal ornaments, &c., discovered with them. These objects have been excavated by the Rev. William Greenwell, F.R.S., during twenty years of explorations in ancient British barrows, (as recorded in his work on "British Barrows," Oxford, 1877), extending to 234 barrows, of which 171 were in Yorkshire, 2 in Cumberland, 20 in Westmoreland, 31 in Northumberland, 1 in Durham, and 9 in Gloucestershire. Together with these are other specimens from the same collection, either not discovered by Mr. Greenwell himself, or not recorded in the work above-mentioned. The collection was presented by Mr. Greenwell in 1879.

In the upper shelves of Cases 36-42 and in Table Case D are placed various antiquities found in England, Scotland, and Ireland, chiefly of bronze, and characterized by a peculiar style of ornament, and frequently by the presence of enamel. They are probably late Celtic, of about the time of the Roman invasion of England. Among them a shield and a helmet found in the Thames; a shield found in the Witham, Lincolnshire; a helmet without locality; horse-trappings and a sword found at Stanwick, in Yorkshire, during excavations made by the Duke of Northumberland, by whom they were presented; similar trappings from Polden Hill, Somersetshire, and Westhall, Suffolk. Iron swords with bronze sheaths, and wheels of British chariots found in barrows. Lower shelf, urns found in German tombs.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN BRITAIN.

These differ little from the Roman remains found in other countries. Some of them were no doubt imported, but the greater part must have been made in some of the flourishing cities founded in Britain by the Romans, who were more or less masters of this country for upwards of 400 years.

Table Case E. Smaller Roman antiquities found in Britain.

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Cases 47-51. Roman vessels of coarse earthenware, principally employed as cinerary urns. Over the Cases, two large amphora, the necks of which have been broken off to admit urns, forming rude sarcophagi.

Cases 52, 53. Specimens of Roman earthenware, found on the site of kilns in the New Forest in which they were manufactured. They are generally "castaways," ill-made or imperfect.

Cases 54, 57. Roman pottery of various kinds. The localities in which the specimens were found are inscribed upon them as far as possible. Underneath: Roman roofing, flue, and draining tiles; also two Roman coffins of lead, found near London.

Cases 58, 59. Roman lamps variously ornamented. Two specimens of earthenware with a yellow vitreous glaze. A singular vase in the form of a human head, dedicated to Mercury, from Lincoln. Underneath Roman Mortaria, or pounding-vessels.

Cases 60-63. Roman red moulded ware, commonly called Samian. The finer kind, known as Aretine ware, was made chiefly at Aretium (Arezzo) in Italy; the coarser in Germany and Eastern Gaul, and imported into England. Two fragments of moulds may be seen in Case 62; and a type for impressing a mould.

Case 64. Plain Samian ware, probably the ware employed for domestic purposes. The specimens are generally stamped with potters'

names.

Cases 65-75. Miscellaneous Roman Antiquities. Among them may be noticed three large tablets, a vase turned in Kimmeridge coal, and the waste pieces found on the site of the manufactory on the coast of Dorsetshire; brooches and other personal ornaments; bronzes. Case 70. Antiquities discovered at Ribchester, in Lancashire. On the middle shelf, a bronze head of the Emperor Hadrian, found in the Thames; below, a Roman tomb found in the Great Park, Windsor, and presented by Her Majesty. Cases 71-75. Edicts granting privileges to some of the auxiliaries serving in Britain under Trajan and Hadrian. Votive offerings, small figures, etc.

In Table Case Fare placed Roman Antiquities discovered in London, principally from the collection made by Mr. Roach Smith. They consist of statuettes, personal ornaments, implements of various kinds, such as knives, and styli for writing, fragments of pottery, leather sandals, and other remains of the Roman occupants of London. On a pedestal at the end of the case is a fine bronze figure from Barking Hall, Suffolk.

ANGLO-SAXON ANTIQUITIES.

These antiquities, which have been chiefly found in ancient cemeteries, belong for the most part to the earlier periods of the Heptarchy. They show that both burying and burning the dead were practised in England by the Saxons.

Cases 76-80. On the upper shelves are sepulchral urns of black ware, found chiefly in Norfolk and Suffolk. On the middle shelf,