of figures, parables, &c.-Ammon ad. Ern. Inst. N. T. p. 67.

VI. The knowledge of the geography and topography of Palestine, and of the countries and places, of which the Sacred Writers speak.

The criticism of some passages, and the interpretation of a great many, are intimately connected with these subjects. The authors to whom we must look for informaation, on these points, are the ancient Geographers, and recent travellers.

Eusebii Caesar. Liber περὶ τῶν τοπικῶν ἐν τῇ θεία γραφή, in J. Clerici onomastico urbium et locorum Scr. S. Amst. 1707. f.

The larger modern works on the Geography of Palestine, are those of Reland, W. A. Bachiene, Ysbrand van Hamelsveld, J. J. Bellerman.

The smaller are,

Ed. Wells Historical Geography of the Old and New Testaments.
C. A. Frege geograph. Handbuch bei Lesung der heil. Schrift.-Gotha

1788.

From modern travels, many useful things have been collected.

Harmer's Observations on the N. T. from Voyages and Travels in the

East.

Ludecke Expositio brevis locorum SS. ad orientem se referentium-ex observatt. certis, plerumque propriis instituta. Hal. 1777. 4.

M. C. G. Lange Sammlung der besten und gründlichsten Erläuterungen der h. Schr. aus den vornehmsten Reisebeschreibungen, Chem. 1784. 8. An Essay on the method of illustrating Scripture, from the relations of modern travellers in Palestine, and the neighbouring countries, by John Foster, Lond. 1802. 8.

Fr. Hasselquist Reisen nach Palestina, Rott. 1761.

Sammlung der merkwürdigsten Reisen in den orient, in Uebersetz. und Auszügen mit Anmerkungen von H. E. G. Paulus, Jen. 1792.

VII. The knowledge of history and antiquities

of the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, especially of the in which the Sacred Writers lived.

age

To this head pertain,

1. The political history of Judea, especially from the commencement of the reign of Herod.

Christi. Noldii Historia Idumaea s. de vita et gestis Herodum diatribe, Franeq. 1660. 12. et ad calc. Josephi Opp. ed. Haverc. T. II. p. 331. ss. Cph. Cellari Historia Herodum, diss. Acadd. P. I. p. 207, ss. et Joseph. Haverc. II. p. 324. ss.

J. G. Altmanni Exerc. de gente Herodum, in Tempe Helv. VI. p. 468. ss.

(Kuinoel) Geschichte des Jüd. Volks von Abraham bis auf Jerusalems Zerstörung. L. 1761. 8.

Deyling Observatt., Fischeri Proluss. de Vit. Lex. aliique etiam consuli possunt. add. Meusel. Bibl. I, II. p. 278. ss.

2. The history of our Saviour and his Apostles. Besides the biographers of Jesus and the Apostles, and the works of those, who have written concerning the congregations to whom the Sacred Writings were addressed, consult the following authors,

J. J. Kess in dem Anhange zur Lebensgesch. Jesu, p. I. ss.

C. H. L. Poelltz Populäre Moral des Chrish. nebst. einer histor. Einlei

tung in das Zeitalter Jesu, L. 1794. 8.

J. Dietr. Hartmann Beiträge zur christl. Kirchen und Religionsgesch. I. B. Jenæ 1796. 8.

Jo. Casauboni de rebus sacris et eccless. Exercitationes XVI. ad Baronii Prolegg. in annales. Gen. 1655. 4.

3. The history of Jewish opinions.

C. H. L. Poelitz de gravissimis theologiæ seriorum Judæorum decretis→→ diss. L. 1794. 4. (Ejusd. Pragmatische Uebersicht. der Theol. der spät. Juden, I. Th. L. 1795. 8.

Ueber die Jüd. Theologie (vor und nach dem Babyl. Exi!.) in den Beytr. z. Beförd, d. vernünft. Denkens in der Rel. V. p. 23, ss. Abriss der hebr. Cultur bis auf das Zeitalter Jesu, besonders mit Hinsicht auf die Fortschritte ihrer Moral, in Henke Mag. f. Rel. phil. III. p. 506. ss.-Add. Staudlinii Hist. doctrinæ mor. Jesu, T. J. Corrodi Crit. Hist. Chiliasmi T. J. et variæ Commentt. in Schmidii Bibl. cris. et exeg. N. T.

Their opinions should be especially studied.a. Re

garding the Messiah, (Abänderungen der Lehre vom Messias, Beytr. z. Beförd. d. vernünft. Denk. in der. Rel. V. p. 42. SS. Ammon, Bibl. Theol. Tomo II. Allix Testimony of the Jewish Church.)—b. On the Advents of the Messiah and his ripaveias (besides others, See H. C. Millies diss. de variis generibus θεοφανειῶν εἰ ἐπιπνοιῶν θείων in libris utriusque foed. et Phil. Alex. Aal. 1802-8. J C. Kolen de reditu Messiæ ad judicium gentium, Gött 1800 4.)-c. On the resurrection from the dead, (Frisch in Eichhorn Bibl. IV. 690. Ziegler in Henke Mag. V.) -d. On demoniacs (Schmidt, Bibl. für Kritik I.)e. The opinions and rites of the Jewish sects.-See the authors quoted above.

4. The history of the countries bordering upon Palestine, and of their Princes.

The Observationes Sacræ of Sal. Deylingius, contain many remarks on these subjects.

5. Manners and customs of the Jews, particularly during the time of Herod.

Their sacred rites, domestic manners and habits, their Sanhedrim, their laws and punishments, weights and measures, &c. The manners and institutions of foreign Jews, are not to be neglected. Pet. Wesselingii, Diatr. de Judæorum Archontibus.-Trai. ad Rh. 1738. 8.

The writers upon Jewish antiquities, are particularly enumerated, by Meuselius, Bibl. hist. Vol. I., and Vol. X. The more recent writers worthy of note, are the following.

H, Chr. Warnekros Entwurf der hebr. Alterthümer. II. Aufl. Weim. 1794. 8.

E. A. Schulzii Compendium archæologiæ Hebr. Lib. I. antiquitates politicas, Lib. II. antiquitates eccl. continens ed A. P. G. Schickedanz. Dresd. 1793. 8.

Alterthümer der Hebräer, verfässt von Joh. Babor-Wien 1794. 8. Joh. Jahn Biblische Archæologie, I. Theil. I. Band, Wien 1796. II. Band 1797. (Häusliche Alterthümer.) II. Theil. I. B. (polit. Alterthümer) ib. 1800. 8.

G. L. Bauer's kurzes Lehrbuch der hebr. Alterthümer des A. und N. Test.-L. 1799. 8.

J, J, Bellermann Handbuch der bibl. Litteratur, enthaltend Archæologie, Geographie, Chronologie, Genealogie, Geschichte, Naturlehre, und Naturgeschichte, Mythologie und Göttergeschichte, Alterthümer, Kunstgesch. Nachrichten von den bibl. Schriftstellern, Erf. 1797. ss. IV. ss. et T. I. secunda editio.

A. G. Brehme Geschichte des Orients, besonders Palæstinas älterer und neuerer Zeit, benebst einer Kritik bibl. Stellen, Goth. 1802, 3. 8.

J. G. Goetzinger philol. Excursionem zur Erkl. des N. T. aus den Gottesd, und gerichtl. Alterth. des A. B. Freyb. 1786. s. 2. 8.

6. From the Grecian history is to be learned, principally, what relates to the Seleucidæ, the kingdom of Macedon, the affairs of Asia Minor, and Achaia.

It is of importance also, to be acquainted with the Sacred rites of the Greeks-their games-their judicial procedures, &c.

C. Bruenings Compendium antiquitatum græcarum e profanis ad sacrarum litterarum interpretationem accommodavit. Ed. III, Francof. ad M. 1759. 8. J. G. Ungeri Analecta Antiquaria sacra, L. 1740. 8. P. Zornii Bibliotheca antiquaria et exegetica. Frf. 1774. s. XII. 8.—Jac. Lydii Agonistica Sacra. Roterod. 1657. 12. Et cum Jo. Lomeieri addit. Zutphan. 1700. 12.

7. The Roman history, from the time of Augustus, and the history of the Roman provinces, throws great light on many passages of the N. T.

J. T. Krebsii, de usu et praestantia Romanæ historiæ in N. T. interpretatione libellus, L. 1745. 8.

Jac. Perizonii, diss. de Augustea orbis terrarum descriptione, adi. ejus Diss. de Prætorio, L. B. 1696. 8,

To this head belongs, the history of the Presidents of Syria, and the Procurators of Judea.

JD Schoeflini Chronologia Romanorum Syriæ præfectorum, in Comm. hist. et ait. p. 433.

Lardner's history of the Princes and Governors mentioned in the N. T.

8. From the Roman antiquities, are to be learned, the administration of the provinces, their jurisprudence, their

tributes, military affairs, weights and measures, times of enrolment, &c.

We must be careful not to make an injudicious application of ancient rites and customs to the N. T. ; and secondly, not to confound times, by supposing what is mentioned as prevailing at one period, was as a matter of course, also prevalent, in the times of the Sacred Writers.

J. T. Krebsii Comm. de ratione N. Test. e moribus antiquis illustrandi, minus caute instituta, opuscc. p. 519.

9. With history should be united chronology.

Besides the works of Usser, Spanheim, Bengel, and others, consult the Writers, of Harmonies of the Gospels, of the annals of Paul, (Jo. Pearson.) and of the history of the Apostles, (Lud. Cappeli) Historia Apostolica illustrata, 1683. 4.

Some knowledge of the heathen Mythology will also be found useful in reading the N. Testament.

VIII. The use and proper application of other departments of learning, which have reference to antiquity.

To this head belongs,

1. Natural history, both general, and as peculiarly pertaining to the countries in which the Sacred Writers lived. Botany especially will be found useful. (A. F. Michaelis de studio hist. natur. theologiæ adjuments, Vit. 1790.

Besides the authors quoted above, consult,

S. Oedmann Vermischte Sammlungen aus der Naturkunde zur Erklärung der heil. Schr. aus dem Schwed. übersetzt, von D. Groening, Rost. 1786.

H. E. Warnekros Comm. de Palestinæ fertilitate præcipuisque illius dotibus cum Ægypto comparatis, in Repert. bibl. et orient Litt. T. XIV and XV.

J. G. Buchlii et G. F. Walchii, Calendaria Palestine œconomica, Gött. 1785. 4.

Math. Hilleri Hierophyticon s. Commentarius in loca SS. quæ plantarum faciunt mentionem, Traj. ad Rh. 1725. II. 4.