KERKI-KERN. chips; a bone harpoon;' a bone pin; small pieces of burned bone; whetstones,' and a stone-hammer, or crusher. The bones are very abundant: most of them are of an almost chalk-like whiteness, whilst a few are discoloured; many are merely small splinters; a considerable number have been fractured, and gnawed precisely after the manner of modern hyænas; several are split longitudinally, as if for the extraction of the marrow, and in such a way as to betoken human agency; most of those thus split have also been scored by hyæna's teeth; those immediately under heavy blocks of limestone are crushed; they are all characterised by a specific gravity greater than that of those found above the stalagmite; on the tongue being applied to them, they all adhere to it; in no instance have the elements of an entire skeleton, or anything approaching to it, been found together; and remains of many different kinds of animals are often lying in contact. Certain branches of the cavern appear to be richer than others in bones; but wherever the cave-earth occurs, with its usual accompaniment of limestone fragments, they may be expected in average abundance, irrespective of depth below the stalagmite. The fæcal matter appears to be confined to certain branches of the cavern, where it occasionally occurs in heaps a foot high. The bone har poon' and pin have the same chemical condition as the bones-they both adhere firmly to the tongue. The former was found 2 feet below the stalagmite, and the latter 4-the greatest depth yet excavated. The best ovate flint tool was also met with at this depth. The whetstones' are long narrow pieces of greenish grit, not such as could be supplied by the immediate district, but which might have been obtained from the gravel of the neighbouring rivers -the Dart and Teign. Whetstones similar in form and material have been found in the Bruniquel caves in France. The 'stone hammer' is a small ellipsoidal pebble of coarse, hard, red sandstone. Such pebbles occur plentifully on the central shore of Torbay. Hammers of this kind are well known to have been used by the North American Indians. stalagmite formed on it; and as human tools have been found in the red earth, and bones of three extinct mammals in the stalagmite, the contemporaneity of man with these extinct forms may be regarded as certainly established. It is no doubt true that a very large amount of labour has been expended on Kent's Cavern without the discovery of any portion of the human skeleton in the cave-earth. The fact is one of considerable interest, but it does not warrant a doubt respecting man's existence, especially in the presence of such positive facts as bone-tools and burned bones, to say nothing of the flint implements. Moreover, the stalagmite floor, with its extinct mammals, has yielded a portion of man's osseous system-part of an upper jaw, containing four teeth. In their Reports, the exploring committee remark, that, amongst other results of their investigation, so many instances of the valuelessness of merely negative evidence have presented themselves, as to encourage the hope that remains of man, though probably in but sparing numbers, may yet be found in the caveearth. 120 miles south of Bokhara city, on the left bank of KERN, J. CONRAD, a Swiss statesman, was born in 1808, in the neighbourhood of Arenenberg, in Thurgau. He received his elementary education at Zürich, and afterwards studied theology at Bâle; but he abandoned his intention of entering the church, and turned his attention to law, which he studied successively at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris. On his return to his native canton, he was appointed to the presidency of the Supreme Court It may be doubted whether the investigation and of the Council of Public Instruction; and in now in progress has made any additions to the list these offices he made himself remarkable by his of cave mammals given by the early explorers; talent for public speaking, and the excellent sugges indeed, up to the present time, no traces have tions which his wide acquaintance with other legal been found of Machairodus latidens, recorded by and administrative systems enabled him to make M'Enery, or of Hippopotamus major, placed by for the amendment of the institutions of the canton. Professor Owen in the cavern list. Though some K. was member of the Swiss diet for Thurgau in degree of scepticism exists in certain minds respect- 1837, when Louis Napoleon came to reside at Arening their occurrence in the cavern, the evidence is enberg. His mother had settled there, and he had such as to justify the belief that machairodus, at acquired the rights of a citizen of the canton. The least, may yet be exhumed. In fact, the researches government of Louis Philippe demanded his extranow carried on are continually adding new condition, but the Swiss refused to compel him to leave firmations of M'Enery's statements, and hitherto the territory of the republic. They were threatened they have failed to bring forth any conflicting evidence. Though it would be premature to venture on a general interpretation of the facts disclosed before the exploration is completed, the meaning of a few of them cannot be misunderstood or qualified. From the crushed character of the bones immediately beneath blocks of limestone, it may be inferred that the cave-earth, on which they lay, was firm, unyielding, and capable of offering a resistance to the huge blocks as they fell from the roof; and hence it may be concluded, also, that the flint-tools did not, as Mantell and others supposed, by sinking through the red earth, reach a depth greater than that which they primarily occupied. Whilst it is possible that objects belonging to different eras may be commingled in the cave-earth, it is certain that the most modern thing it contains is more ancient than the oldest article in the with invasion; and a spirited discussion took place in the diet, in which K. took the most prominent part, and stirred up his countrymen against the demands of the French. The canton entirely sup ported what he had done; but, fortunately, any resort to hostilities was rendered unnecessary by the voluntary retirement of Louis Napoleon. In 1848, K. took an active part in the preparation of the federal constitution, and some of its best features are due to his sagacity. He afterwards established the Polytechnic School of Zürich, one of the most admirable institutions of its kind in Europe. While director of this school, in 1857, he was selected, in consequence of his early connection with Louis Napoleon, to complete the negotiations regarding the dispute with Prussia; and at the conferences of Paris between the great powers, K. represented Switzerland. It is understood that K.'s influence with the emperor induced KEY ISLANDS-KLEENE BOC. the latter to espouse very warmly the cause of the republic, and to secure the consent of the king of Prussia to the treaty by which he renounced his sovereign rights over Neufchatel, and the voluntary abandonment, on the part of Prussia, of the indemnity of a million francs, which the Swiss had stipulated to pay. KEY ISLANDS lie to the south of New Guinea, between 5° 12'-6° 4' S. lat., and 132° 40′133° 18′ E. long. They consist of Great Key, Little Key, Key Watela, and a number of small islands. In 1853, two new islets appeared in connection with earthquakes which occurred on the 26th of November. Great Key is long and narrow, tapering to a point in the south. North-east Cape is in 5° 14′ S. fat., and 133° 19' E. long. It is mountainous, and watered by several rivers. The coast is covered with forests. Area, 294 sq. miles. Many of the inhabitants are Mohammedans, some Christians, and the remainder heathen. Pop. 21,000.-Little Key lies south-west from Great Key, in 5° 31' S. lat., and 132° 55' E. long. Area, 283 sq. miles. The shore is low and sandy; the interior more elevated and well wooded. The island is surrounded by reefs, which yield much bêche-de-mer and tortoiseshell. It is rich in birds of paradise. Dulah and Tuallah, on the north-west, have safe roadsteads for large ships at all seasons. Good vessels are built at Pop. of Little Key, 10,000.-The Key Dulah. Islands are fertile, and produce fine timber-trees. Goats and pigs are abundant. Oil, cocoa-nuts, woodwork, bêche-de-mer, tortoise-shell, &c., are exchanged, to traders from Macassar, for rice, sago, tobacco, sugar, gambir, hatchets, knives, ironwork, elephants' tusks, beads, guns, and articles of clothing. The inhabitants are industrious and enterprising, peaceable, faithful, and honest; of a brownish complexion, moderate stature, well made, with high forehead and regular features. Their hair is black and curly, but not woolly. Sago and fruits are principal articles of food. The villages are mostly built on heights, and surrounded with stone walls. KHAFALOU'N, or KHAPALU, a town of Western or Little Tibet, in the territory of Gholab Singh, on the Shayook, a short distance above its junction with the Indus, 110 miles north-east of Serinagur. Pop. 12,000. KHANPUR, a flourishing commercial town of North-western Hindustan, on a canal which connects it with the Indus, 400 miles west of Delhi, in lat. 28° 35' N., long. 70° 41′ E. The surrounding country is populous, and where irrigated, fertile. The town is badly built, and most of the houses are of clay. There is, however, a good bazaar, and a fine mosque. It was formerly of much greater importance than it is now, although it still has considerable trade. Pop. 20,000. KHO'I, a town of Northern Persia, province of Azerbijan, on the Kotoura, a feeder of the Araxes, 50 miles north-west of Tabriz, and about 20 miles north of Lake Urumeyah. The town is well fortified, and its principal streets are wide and regular, and shaded with avenues of trees. It has a handsome caravanserai, several mosques, and a good bazaar. It has a considerable trade. In the neighbourhood, Shah Ishmael totally defeated the Turks under Selim I., in 1514. Pop. 30,000. KHU'RJA, a town of British India, in the district of Boolundshuhur, the principal place of the pergunnah of the same name, 54 miles south of Meerut, about two miles west of the Ganges Canal. Pop. 22,147. KIKI'NDA, NAGY-KIKINDA, or GROSSKIKINDA, a town of the Austrian Empire, in the Temeser Banat, 134 miles south-east from Pesth. It is situated in a level fertile country. The inhabitants are partly of the Greek and partly of the Roman Catholic church. There is some trade in cattle, and an important annual fair. The railway from Pesth to Temeswar passes close to the town Pop. 17,462. KI'MPOLUNG, a town of Walachia, 80 miles north-west from Bucharest, on a feeder of the Arjish, near a pass through the Carpathian Mountains into Transylvania. It covers a large surface, has several Roman Catholic and Greek churches and convents, and a considerable trade. Pop. 1860) 8283. KINCHOW', a city of China, in the province of Hoo-pee, on the left bank of the Yang-tze-Kiang, in lat. 30° 26′ 40′′ N., long. 112° 8 E., about 150 miles west of Hankow. K. is surrounded by a strong wall, and is considered one of the keys of the empire. Pop. estimated at 600,000. KING-TE-CHI'NG, a town of China, in the province of Kiang-si, 240 miles south-west of Hangchow, on a small river which falls into Lake Poyang. It is the principal seat of the manufacture of porcelain in China, for which, it is said, 500 furnaces are employed. Pop. estimated at 1,000,000. KING-WOOD, a very beautiful wood, in small from Brazil, and is believed to be the wood of a pieces, used for ornamental work. It is brought species of Triptolomia (natural order Leguminose, sub-order Papilionacea). KIRCHHEIM, a town of Würtemberg, and capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the Circle of the Danube, is situated in a delightful and fertile district, at the junction of the Lauter and the Linbach, 15 miles south-east from Stuttgart, and forms the central point of several public roads. On a height is seen the old castle of the Teck family, who formerly owned the town. The chief buildings are the royal palace and the Church of St Martin. There are many orchards and vineyards. The principal industries are the manufacture of cotton and linen fabrics, bleaching, making musical instruments, &c. Pop. (1864) 5548, nearly all Protestants. It is famous for the KIRK-KILI'SSIA (the forty churches"), a larg but ruinous and miserable town of European Turkey, The town is situated on a sloping ground near the in Rumili, 104 miles north-west of Constantinople. base of the Balkan, is enclosed by walls, and has manufacture of a sweetmeat, composed of the many mosques and baths. inspissated juice of boiled grapes, formed into rolls containing walnut kernels. There is a trade in wine 16,000 to 28,000, and consists chiefly of a mixed The pop. is variously estimated at from race of Bulgarians, Greeks, and Turks. and corn. KISHENAU', or KICHENEV, a town of Russia, capital of the government of Bessarabia, picturesquely situated on the Buik, a tributary of the 1812, when it came into the possession of Russia, it Dniester, 95 miles north-west of Odessa. Until since then, however, it has rapidly increased in was a small miserable place, of no consequence; size and prosperity. It now covers three hills, has 14 churches, a synagogue, gymnasium, several schools, and a government library. It has extensive manufactures of woollen cloth, brandy, leather, candles, &c., and a considerable trade in corn, cattle, flax, hemp, tobacco, fruit, wine, &c. Pop. (1838) 13,000, (1849) 42,636, (1858) 85,547, (1863) 94,124, composed of Russians, Jews, Cossacks, Poles, Germans, Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, gipsies, and many other nationalities. KLEE'NÉ BOC (Dutch, little goat), or CAPE the head long and pointed, the horns very short; the colour slaty brown. It lives singly or in pairs, in bushy districts, and is very nimble and active. Similar species are found in Western Africa. KLIPSPRINGER (Dutch, cliff-springer), or KAINSI (Antilope oreotragus, or Oreotragus saltatrix), a species of antelope, about equal in size to the chamois, and resembling it in habits, found in the highest mountainous districts of South Africa. It is of a yellowish-gray colour, and the hair is long, and stands out from the skin so as to make a rough Kneading-machine. figure), for the supply and removal of the dough. In the large bakeries, they are worked by steam. power; in the smaller ones, by hand. KNOT (Tringa canutus), a bird of the family Scolopacida, and of the same genus with the dunlin, stints, &c. It is sometimes called the RED SAND general colour, in summer, is reddish brown, finely PIPER. Its whole length is about ten inches. The mingled with black, gray, and white; in winter, the plumage becomes mostly ash-gray, and on the under parts white. The K. frequents high northern latitudes in summer, and breeds there; but migrates southwards in winter, and is then found, sometimes in large flocks, in Europe, Asia, and America, as far south as the West Indies, chiefly on flat sandy shores. It runs about with fur. Klipspringer (Antilope oreotragus). The legs and the general form are more robust than in most species of antelope. The flesh of the K. is particularly esteemed; the hair is also valued for stuffing saddles; and it has therefore become rare in localities where it was once common. The pinnacles and precipices in which it delights, make hunting it with dogs impossible, but to get within rifle-shot of it is not difficult. KNEADING BY MACHINERY. Every person who has witnessed the making of bread by the ordinary process, must have felt the necessity of some means for avoiding the contact of hands, often not too clean, with the dough, and the very laborious exertions requisite for kneading it thoroughly. On the continent, where bread-making is treated in A much more scientific way than in Britain, every operation is now conducted on a large scale by the aid of admirable machinery; and the forms of kneading-machines are very various-the general 506 Knot (Tringa canutus). great activity as the wave retires, seeking its food on the sands. Its food consists in great rart of small bivalve molluscs, which it swallows shell and all. It is in high esteem for the table. KO'BRIN, or KOBRYN, a town of Russian Poland, in the government of Grodno, 139 miles east from Warsaw, on the right bank of the 593 KONIGSWARTH-KRUPP'S STEEL. Machazica, a tributary of the Northern Bug. It is favourably situated for commerce, the Machazica, and along with it the Bug and Vistula, being here connected by a canal with the Pripet, and thus with the Dnieper. There is a Greek abbey here. Pop. (1863) 8267. KÖNIGSWARTH, a town of Bohemia, on a feeder of the Beraun, a branch of the Elbe, 79 miles west-south-west from Prague. It is situated in a romantic valley, has a fine castle, belonging to Prince Metternich, mineral springs, and a bathing establishment. The old fortress was destroyed by the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War, and the site having been purchased by the imperial general, Count Metternich, in 1618, he built a castle in the Italian style, surrounded it with a fine park, and collected in it a fine library, with great treasures of paintings, antiquities, and objects of natural history. The altar of the richly-adorned chapel of the castle possesses many bones and other relics of saints to which pilgrimages are made. Pop. 7494. KORO'TCHA, or KAROTCHA, a town of Russia, on a small river of the same name, in the government of Kursk, 75 miles south-east of the town of Kursk. The town is well built, and has several churches. Saltpetre is manufactured, and a trade in apples carried on. Pop. 6392. KRAPI'NA, a town of the Austrian Empire, in the province of Croatia, on a river of the same name, a branch of the Save, at the southern base of the Ivanica Mountains, 140 miles south-south-east from Vienna. The surrounding country is very fertile, abounding in corn and wine; and the town has of late rapidly increased in size. Pop. 12,888. KREM SIR, one of the prettiest towns of Moravia, 88 miles north-east of Olmütz, on the March. It is the summer residence of the Archbishop of Olmütz, who has here a fine palace, containing a picture-gallery and a library of 30,000 volumes. During the revolutionary disturbances at Vienna in 1849, K. was the seat of the Austrian government and imperial councils. Pop. 9110. KRIS, a dagger or poniard, the universal weapon of the inhabitants of the Malayan Archipelago. It is made of many different forms, short or loug, KRO'NENBERG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, three miles south-east from Elberfeld, in the industrial activity and prosperity of which it has partaken. Manufactures of linen and cotton are carried on, also of articles of iron and steel. Pop. (1864) 7874. KRUPP'S STEEL. The widespread reputation of the steel produced in the great works of Herr Krupp, at Essen, in Prussia, has induced us to give it a brief notice. His manufactory has been increasing annually from one-sixth to one-third in size for the last 40 years, until it now covers about 450 acres, and gives employment to some 10,000 persons. For large metallurgical works, Essen is favourably situated, being in the centre of a coal-bearing area, where coal of the purest kind can be procured at from 78. to 98. per ton. There is also at hand the manganiferous iron ores of Prussia, which have been found so excellently adapted for the manufacture of steel; but it is believed that the admirable orgamsation of every part of his manufactory has conduced, as much as anything, to the great success of Krupp With labourers and mechanics who have passed the regulation-time in the Prussian army, overseers trained in the German technical schools, and a small staff of experienced analytical chemists, he has obviously a great advantage in conducting opera tions where order, system, and skill are of para mount importance. But even with these benefits, Krupp's productions would not have gained their celebrity, were it not for the scrupulous care with which he performs every manipulation. In the article IRON, we have described the manufacture of steel by the Cementation and BesseTRET processes, but there are several other methods of making it, and one of these is by the decarburisation of cast-iron in the puddling furnace. This is the process by which Krupp makes his steel, in the first instance; and the material he employs is Spiegeleisen, or specular cast-iron, a highly crystalline variety, usually containing about 4 per cent. of manganese. This iron is admirably suited for con version into steel. The puddling process for steel is similar to that employed for Iron (q. v.), except that the former is conducted at a lower temperature, and requires nicer management; but in the case of steel, the cast-iron to be operated upon is never previously refined. Cast-iron to the extent of about 4 cwts. is melted in the puddling furnace, mixed with a quantity of slag or cinder (chiefly silicate of iron), and stirred with a rabble. During this operation, the carbon in the cast-iron (usually about 5 per cent.) is gradually oxidised by the oxygen present in the cinder; carbonic oxide is produced, and as it escapes, what is technically termed 'boiling' takes place. When the ebullition becomes active, the temperature is raised until the appearance of inci pient solidification occurs; the heat is then lowered, and the ordinary process of balling proceeded with Steel thus produced usually contains from 0.5 to 1 per cent. of carbon; but if the temperature is not skilfully regulated, the carbon becomes wholly burned away, and malleable iron instead of steel is produced. Puddled steel, although useful for most purposes in the arts (except cutlery), nevertheless wants homogeneity, on account of a certain intermixture of cinder, which is difficult to get rid of without fusion-a defect which is apt to prevent it from welding perfectly. In Krupp's works, the puddled steel is remelted into crucibles, in order to convert it into cast-steel; and it is the wonderful uniformity of quality with which he manufactures this in of, and gives so great an interest to his productions very large masses, that constitutes the superiority The crucibles employed are made with extreme care, mainly from fire-clay, to which a little plumbago is added; their capacity varies from 30 to 100 lbs., and it is reported that as many as 100,000 are kept drying at the same time. After being once used, the crucibles are broken up, whether damaged or not, and mixed with other material, to make new ones. In the casting-house where the large ingots are run, the furnaces, which contain about 1200 cruci bles, are arranged along the sides of the building' and in the central portion, the steel moulds, vary ing in capacity from 100 lbs. to 40 tons, are dis posed in line between two pair of rails, upon which runs a movable crane. It is in the casting of such an enormous ingot as 40 tons of steel (the largest yet produced) from crucibles of small capacity, KRUSENSTERN-KRYLOV. that the perfect organisation of Krupp's establishmert becomes most strikingly apparent. At a given signal, one gang of workmen remove the crucibles from the furnaces, while another seize them with tongs for the purpose, and pour their contents into narrow canals of wrought-iron, lined with fire-clay, which converge into the opening by which the mould is filled. This is the critical stage of the operation, the difficulty being to deposit in the mould a continuous stream of melted steel of about the same degree of heat, so as to cool uniformly, and to solidify into a perfectly homogeneous mass. Of such uniform soundness are some of Krupp's large steel ingots, that one - shewn in the last Exhibition in London, 9 feet high, 44 inches in diameter, and veighing 21 tons-when broken across, did not shew the slightest flaw, even when examined with a lers; and another, weighing 15 tons, although broken at eight different places, shewed an equally perfect structure. scientific and mercantile objects. K. sailed from Cronstadt with two ships, 7th August 1803, and returned 19th August 1806, and was the first to conduct a Russian expedition round the world. He failed in one of the objects for which he was sent out-the reopening of the Russian trade with Japan, but made some interesting geographical discoveries; and his careful explorations of coasts made his voyage very important for the progress of geographical science. He published an account of this voyage (3 vols., Petersb. 1810-1812, with a volume of maps and plates), which was soon translated into all the principal languages of Europe. The contri butions to natural history resulting from the expedition were the subject of a separate work by Tilesius (Petersb. and Leip. 1813); and K. himself subsequently published a work called Contributions to the Hydrography of the Pacific Ocean (Leip. 1819), and several other works on the same subject. K. died 12th August 1846 at Asz, in Esthonia, where he had an estate. In order to manipulate these extraordinary masses of steel, there is a steam hammer, weighing 50 tonsKRYLOV, IVAN ANDREJEVITCH, a celebrated the mechanical marvel of the works at Essen-Russian fabulist, born 13th February 1768, at which has a cylinder nearly 6 feet in diameter. It Moscow, was the son of a poor officer in the army, has a 50-ton crane at each of its four corners, and received the elements of his education at Tver from behind each of these again, there are four heating his mother, and learned French from a French tutor furnaces. A movable bench on low massive wheels who was resident in the house of the governor of serves to remove a large ingot from any of the Tver. K. read indiscriminately all books which furnaces, which is then, by means of the powerful fell into his hands. Dramatical works made the cranes, and a system of pulleys and crabs, placed on greatest impression on him, and in his 15th year the anvil, and worked into any desired shape. The he wrote an opera called the Kafeinitza (The Coffee anvl-face weighs 185 tons. Fortune-teller), which was never represented, but attracted considerable notice in Tver, and procured patrons for him, who got him an appointment, in 1785, in a public office in St Petersburg. A bookseller gave him 60 roubles for the manuscript of his opera, which he spent in buying the works of Racine, Molière, and Boileau. In 1786, he wrote another tragedy, Philomela, which, although never represented, was printed in the collection called The Russian Theatre. After the death of his mother, 1788, to whom he was much attached, K. received a post in the imperial cabinet, which he resigned two years afterwards, in order to devote himself to literary work. For two or three years, beginning in 1789, he occupied himself partly with journalism, but soon gave it up. He now produced a succession of prose comedies, among which were The Crazed Family (1793), The Mockingbird, and The Poet in the Anteroom (1794), which brought him under the Empress Catharine's notice. In 1801, he was appointed secretary to Galitzin, the governor of Riga, who, after a time, invited him to his country-house at Saratov, where he spent some years in entire leisure. He then returned to St Petersburg in 1806, where he brought several very successful plays on the stage, The Milliner's Shop, The Lesson to Ladies, &c. It was at this time, when about 40 years of age, that he turned his attention to that kind of writing which was to immortalise him. K. having translated some of Lafontaine's fables, the poet Dmitriev was so struck with their felicity, that he encouraged him to persevere in that line. In 1808, the first collection of his Fables (23 in number) appeared, which met with great success. Others followed in 1811 and in 1816. In 1811, he was made member of the Petersburg Academy; in 1812, an official in the Imperial Library; in 1830, councillor of state; and in course of time he was so overwhelmed with honours and pensions, that, in 1841, when he resigned his public office, he drew from the state and the imperial treasury the sum of 11,700 roubles. On the occasion of his 70th birthday, homage flowed in on him from all quarters. K. died on the 21st November 1844. Soon afterwards, a national The quantity of steel manufactured by Herr Krapp in the year 1866 amounted to 61,000 tons, representing a value of about £1,500,000. It consised chiefly of rails, tires, crank-axles, shafts, ming pump-rods, and guns-the proportion of or Inance being about two-fifths of the whole. Gins have been made at Essen for the Prussians, A istrians, Belgians, Dutch, Italians, Turks, Japanese, and also for the English, although not drectly ordered by the government. A brief inventory of the machinery, &c., employed in these works has been published this year, which had it not been issued by the owner himself, would hardly be believed. It states that there are 195 steamengines, ranging from 2 to 1000 horse-power, 412 furnaces of various kinds, 49 steam-hammers, 110 smith's forges, 318 lathes, 111 planing-machines, 61 cutting and boring machines, 84 boring-machines, 75 grinding-machines, and 26 special tools; 1000 tons of coal are burned daily, and there are about 11,000 gas burners, consuming in the 24 hours of the shortest day 400,000 cubic feet of gas. In the Paris Exhibition of last year (1867), Krupp shewed a huge gun intended for a coast battery to defend the attacks of plated ships. It is made entirely of cast-steel, weighs 50 tons, and can propel a shot weighing 1080 lbs. It took 16 months, working day and night without interruption, to manufacture. The price of the gun alone is £15,750, and of its carriage and turn-table, which weigh respectively 15 and 25 tons, £6000 more. He also exhibits a superb crank-axle for a marine engine, about a foot in diameter, which is a remarkable example of what can now be done in steel, and angurs well for future achievements with this invaluable material. KRUSENSTERN, ADAM JOHN, CHEVALIER VON, a distinguished Russian voyager, was born 8th November 1770, at Haggud in Esthonia. He served for some time in the British navy. The Emperor Alexander, when he ascended the Russian throne, took up a plan proposed by K. for the promotion of the American fur-trade, and consequently intrusted him with the command of an expedition at once for |