Pharasaical principles of Josephus, and the profane philosophy of Philo, would have upon their writings.

2. Targums, (Chaldee paraphrases of some of the books of the O. T.) especially those of Onkelos and Jonathan.

De iis vid. Wolf. Bibl. Hebr. II. p. 1147. ss. 1189. ss. Eichhorn, Einl. ins A. Test. I. p. 399. ss. Baner. Crit. S. p. 293. ss. Rosenmueller, Handbuch III. p. 3. ss. J. F. Fischer in Proluss. quinque in V. et N. Tp.

51. ss.

G. L. Baueri Chrestomathia e paraphrasibus chaldaicis et Talmude dclecta notisque brevibus et indice verbrorum illustrata. Norib. 1792. 8.

J. H. Michaelis diss. de Targumim s. verss. ac paraphrasium V. T. Chaldaicarum usu. Hal. 1720, 4. add, Seiler, über die Gött. Offenbarungen II. p. 434. s. 472. ss.

3. Other writings of the ancient Jews in Heb., especially the Mishna (edited, translated and ilustrated by notes, by Gu. Surenhusius, Amst. 1698-1703. VI. f.) The Gemara or commentary on the Mishna (the Talmud.) See, Fabric. Bibliogr. antiq. p. 3. ss. Buddei Isag. ad theol. univ. p. 781. ss.

Some suppose that the book Sohar should also be ascribed to an early age. Mori Herm. II. 155.

4. The works of the later Jewish doctors.

Scriptores Rabothani, Midraschici, alii, J. G. Wolfii Bibliotheca Hebr. Ham. 1715-33. IV. 4. Volumine II. add. H. F. Koecheri Nova bibl. Hebraica, secundum ordinem bibl. Hebr. Wolfii disposita. Jen. 1783. s. II. 4. Mosis Maimonidis (mort. 1205.) libri. cf. et Raymundi Martini Pugio Fidei adv. Mauros et Judæos ed. J. B. Carpzovi, L. 1687. s.

The following authors illustrated the N. T. from Jewish writers.

Tho. Cartwright Mellificium Hebraicum, in Criticis Anglic. T. II. Jo. Drusi Præterita s. Annotationes in totum Jesu Chr. Testamentum. Franeq. 1612. 4. Prasaltera 1616. 4.

Jo. Leusdeni Philologus Hebræo-mixtus, una cum spicilegio philologico; Editio tertia, Leida et Ultrai. 1699. 4.

Jac. Capelli Observatt. in N. T. et Lud. Capelli Spicilegium notarum in libros N. T. Amst. 1657. 4. etiam Jo. Cameronis Myrothecion h. e. Novi Test. quam plurima loca illustrata.-Salmur, 1677. 4.

Those most worthy of consideration, are the following.

Jo. Lightfooti Hore Hebraicæ et Talmudice in IV. Evangg-Nunc secundum in Germania e Museo J. B. Carpzovii L. 1684. 4,

Ejusd. Horæ Hebr. et Talmudica in Acta App., partem aliquam ep. ad Rom. et priorem ad Corinth. nunc primum in Germania-editæ e Mus. J. B. Carpzovii, L. 1679. 4.

Novum Test. ex Talmude et antiquitatibus Hebræorum illustratum curis -B. Scheidii, J. A. Danzii et Lac. Rhendferdi, editum-a Jo. Gerh. Meuschen-L. 1736. 5.

Chr. Schoettgenii Hora Hebraicæ et Talmudicæ in universum Nov. Test. quibus Hora J. Lightfooti, etc. supplentur-Dresd. et L. 1733. 4. Ejusd. Hora Hebraicæ et Talmudice in theologiam Judæorum dogmaticam.

From these sources, Wetstein derived many valuable remarks found in his Commentary. Consult also Buxtorfii Lexicon Chald. Talmudicum, et Rabbinicum, Bas. 1640 f. and Corrodius Hist. Crit. Chiliasmi T. I. et II.

Not only the rites, proverbial and peculiar expressions, and general style of the N. T. may be illustrated from these sources; but also the opinions, precepts, traditions, the mode of argument and instruction. In the N. T. however the imperfections which disfigure the Jewish writings, are not to be found. See,

Gu. C. G. Weise diss. de modo domini acceptos a magistris Judaicis loquendi ac disserendi modos sapienter emendandi, Vit. 1792, enlarged in the Commentatt. Velthus. Kuinod.

We must be careful,

1. Not to apply the Jewish writings promiscuously to the illustration of the N. T.

2. To remark the times of which they speak.

3. The sources, whence they derive their information, should be carefully observed; the authority of the later Jews is not entirely to be despised if they appeal to older writers as their authority.

Other Oriental writings, especially in Syriac and Arabic, have not as yet, been applied to the illustration of the N. T., to the extent which is desirable, since they might throw considerable light, on the use of words and phrases,

N

of figures, parables, &c.-Ammon ad. Ern. Inst. N. T. p. 67.

VI. The knowledge of the geography and topography of Palestine, and of the countries and places, of which the Sacred Writers speak.

The criticism of some passages, and the interpretation of a great many, are intimately connected with these subjects. The authors to whom we must look for informaation, on these points, are the ancient Geographers, and recent travellers.

Eusebii Caesar. Liber περὶ τῶν τοπικῶν ἐν τῇ θεία γραφή, α J. Clerici onomastico urbium et locorum Scr. S. Amst. 1707. f.

The larger modern works on the Geography of Palestine, are those of Reland, W. A. Bachiene, Ysbrand van Hamelsveld, J. J. Bellerman.

The smaller are,

Ed. Wells Historical Geography of the Old and New Testaments. C. A. Frege geograph. Handbuch bei Lesung der heil. Schrift.-Gotha 1788.

From modern travels, many useful things have been collected.

Harmer's Observations on the N. T. from Voyages and Travels in the

East.

Ludecke Expositio brevis locorum SS. ad orientem se referentium-ex observatt. certis, plerumque propriis instituta. Hal. 1777. 4.

M. C. G. Lange Sammlung der besten und gründlichsten Erläuterungen der h. Schr. aus den vornehmsten Reisebeschreibungen, Chem. 1784. 8. An Essay on the method of illustrating Scripture, from the relations of modern travellers in Palestine, and the neighbouring countries, by John Foster, Lond. 1802. 8.

Fr. Hasselquist Reisen nach Palestina, Rott. 1761.

Sammlung der merkwürdigsten Reisen in den orient, in Uebersetz. und Auszügen mit Anmerkungen von H. E. G. Paulus, Jen. 1792.

VII. The knowledge of history and antiquities

of the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, especially of the age in which the Sacred Writers lived.

To this head pertain,

1. The political history of Judea, especially from the commencement of the reign of Herod.

Christi. Noldii Historia Idumaea s. de vita et gestis Herodum diatribe, Franeq. 1660. 12. et ad calc. Josephi Opp. ed. Haverc. T. II. p. 331. ss. Cph. Cellari Historia Herodum, diss. Acadd. P. I. p. 207, ss. et Joseph. Haverc. II. p. 324. ss.

J. G. Altmanni Exerc. de gente Herodum, in Tempe Helv. VI. p. 468. ss.

(Kuinoel) Geschichte des Jüd. Volks von Abraham bis auf Jerusalems Zerstörung. L. 1761. 8.

Deylingi Observatt., Fischeri Proluss. de Vit. Lex. aliique etiam consuli possunt. add. Meusel. Bibl. I, II. p. 278. ss.

2. The history of our Saviour and his Apostles. Besides the biographers of Jesus and the Apostles, and the works of those, who have written concerning the congregations to whom the Sacred Writings were addressed, consult the following authors,

J. J. Kess in dem Anhange zur Lebensgesch. Jesu, p. I. ss.

C. H. L. Poelltz Populäre Moral des Chrish. nebst, einer histor. Einlei

tung in das Zeitalter Jesu, L. 1794. 8.

J. Dietr. Hartmann Beiträge zur christl. Kirchen und Religionsgesch. I. B. Jenæ 1796. 8.

Jo. Casauboni de rebus sacris et eccless. Exercitationes XVI. ad Baronii Prolegg. in annales. Gen. 1655. 4.

3. The history of Jewish opinions.

C. H. L. Poelitz de gravissimis theologiæ seriorum Judæorum decretisdiss. L. 1794. 4. (Ejusd. Pragmatische Uebersicht. der Theol. der spät. Juden, I. Th. L. 1795. 8.

Ueber die Jüd. Theologie (vor und nach den Babyl. Exil.) in den Beytr. z. Beförd. d. vernünft. Denkens in der Rel. V. p. 23, ss. Abriss der hebr. Cultur bis auf das Zeitalter Jesu, besonders mit Hinsicht auf die Fortschritte ihrer Moral, in Henke Mag. Rel. phil. III. p. 506. ss.-Add. Staudlinii Hist. doctrinæ mor. Jesu, T. J. Corrodi Crit. Hist. Chiliasmi T. J. et variæ Commentt. in Schmidii Bibl. cris. et exeg. N. T.

Their opinions should be especially studied.a. Re

garding the Messiah, (Abänderungen der Lehre vom Messias, Beytr. z. Beförd. d. vernünft. Denk. in der. Rel. V. p. 42. SS. Ammon, Bibl. Theol. Tomo II. Allix Testimony of the Jewish Church.)—b. On the Advents of the Messiah and his pavsias (besides others, See H. C. Millies diss. de variis generibus θεοφανειῶν et επιπνοιῶν θείων in libris utriusque fœd. et Phil. Alex. Aal. 1802-8. J C. Kolen de reditu Messiæ ad judicium gentium, Gött 1800 4.) c. On the resurrection from the dead, (Frisch in Eichhorn Bibl. IV. 690. Ziegler in Henke Mag. V.) -d. On demoniacs (Schmidt, Bibl. für Kritik I.)e. The opinions and rites of the Jewish sects.-See the authors quoted above.

4. The history of the countries bordering upon Palestine, and of their Princes.

The Observationes Sacræ of Sal. Deylingius, contain many remarks on these subjects.

5. Manners and customs of the Jews, particularly during the time of Herod.

Their sacred rites, domestic manners and habits, their Sanhedrim, their laws and punishments, weights and measures, &c. The manners and institutions of foreign Jews, are not to be neglected. Pet. Wesselingii, Diatr. de Judæorum Archontibus.-Trai. ad Rh. 1738. 8.

The writers upon Jewish antiquities, are particularly enumerated, by Meuselius, Bibl. hist. Vol. I., and Vol. X. The more recent writers worthy of note, are the following.

H, Chr. Warnekros Entwurf der hebr. Alterthümer. II. Aufl. Weim. 1794. 8.

E. A. Schulzii Compendium archæologiæ Hebr. Lib. I. antiquitates politicas, Lib. II. antiquitates eccl. continens ed A. P. G. Schickedanz. Dresd. 1793. 8.

Alterthümer der Hebräer, verfässt von Joh. Babor-Wien 1794. 8. Joh. Jahn Biblische Archeologie, I. Theil. I. Band, Wien 1796. II. Band 1797. (Häusliche Alterthümer.) II. Theil. I. B. (polit. Alterthümer) ib. 1800. 8.