I murmur under moon and stars
In brambly wildernesses;
I linger by my shingly bars;
I loiter round my cresses;

And out again I curve and flow
To join the brimming river;

For men may come, and men may go,
But I go on forever.

TENNYSON.

XXVIII. CASE. - DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS.

1. We paid him.

2. We paid his wages.

Each of these sentences is complete in itself. We may, however, combine them and say :

3. We paid him his wages.

4. We paid his wages to him.

In the first sentence him completes the meaning of the verb paid, and hence is its complement; in the second sentence wages is the complement of paid; in the third sentence him and wages are both the complements of paid; but in the fourth sentence wages is the only complement of paid.

A complement which shows to or for whom or what an act is done is called an indirect object.

In the sentence, We paid him his wages, him is an indirect object of paid, and wages is a direct object.

Exercises.

I. Name the direct and the indirect objects of the verbs in the following sentences:

3. Lend me your ears. - SHAKESPEARE.

4. I built my soul a lordly pleasure-house.

5. I will make thee beds of roses.

6. Ability wins us esteem.

TENNYSON.

MARLOWE.

7. I bring thee here my fortress keys. HEMANS,

8. My little one brought me a flower.

10. Give the birds crumbs; God gives you loaves.

II. Give rocks and rascals a wide berth.

12. Give your tongue more holidays than your head.

An indirect object may be marked as a complement and the letters i.o. placed beneath it.

II. Analyze the following sentences:

3. He

1. He brought me a knife. 2. I sold her a book. asked me a question. 4. I told him a story. 5. We pay 6. Anthony offered Cæsar the crown: 7. Aristotle taught Alexander the Great philosophy.

him his wages.

In the first sentence here is an adverb telling where he came. In the second sentence the noun home, stand

ing for the phrase to his home, likewise tells where he came, and is used as an adverbial element.

This morning in the fourth sentence has the same use It is therefore an adverbial

that early has in the third.

element modifying came.

In the sixth sentence the noun mile has the same use that the adverb very has in the fifth. It is a modifier of

wide, and hence is used as an adverb.

A noun used as an adverb is in the objective case.

This morning James shoveled through a snowdrift six feet deep.

In the sentence above, this is an adjective modifying morning; morning is a noun used as a modifier of shoveled, and is in the objective case because used as an adverb; through a snowdrift is an adverbial phrase and modifies shoveled; six is an adjective modifying feet; feet is a noun used as an adverb, modifying deep; deep is an adjective modifying snowdrift.

Exercises.

I. Find the adverbial objectives in the following

sentences:

[In some of these sentences there are two adverbial objectives.]

1. He skated a mile in ten minutes.

2. This road is a mile longer than that.

3. You must get to school ten minutes earlier to-morrow morning, or I shall keep you fifteen minutes later at night. 4. I don't care a penny for his opinion.

5. I have come a long distance to see you, and intend to remain all the afternoon.

II. Find all the adverbial objectives in the following sentences, and state what each denotes, whether time, value, measure, distance, quantity, or direction:

1. This day we fashion Destiny. WHITTIER.

2. General Putnam rode all night and reached Cambridge the next morning.

3. Reading one hour a day for ten years would make an ignorant man well informed.

4. England has hoary yews, centuries old, which, perhaps, were saplings when William the Conqueror landed. 5. I walk four miles every day.

6. The next morning the sun rose in a fog.

7. I get eight dollars a week.

HARDINGE.

III. Analyze the following sentences, and parse the

nouns:

1. We waited ten days.

2. We rode fifty miles that day.

3. What! could ye not watch with me one hour? Bible.

4.

He gave his father a house two stories high, and was not a penny the poorer for it.

5. They walked north twenty miles the first day.

XXX. MODIFYING COMPLEMENTS.

Review Section XIV on page 182.

1. They made him captain. 2. They made him unhappy. In each of these sentences the verb made requires two complements to make its use as a predicate complete; one expressed by the word him, denoting the person acted upon; the other expressed by the words captain, unhappy, denoting the result of the action expressed by made.

These words, captain and unhappy, express some condition of him. Captain is a noun modifying him, that is, in apposition with him; unhappy is an adjective modifying him. These modifiers of him are also complements of the verb of which him is the direct object. They are modifiers of him and complements of made, and so we give them the name modifying complements.

Observe that we have found two sets of double complements; one set direct and indirect, the other set direct and modifying.

1. They made him a boat.

2. They made him a scholar.

The act of making expressed by made in the first sentence was upon the boat; boat is the direct object, and him the indirect object, showing for whom the act was done.

The act expressed by made in the second sentence was upon him, which is the direct object, while scholar is the modifying object, denoting the result of the act.

Some grammarians call words in this construction" 'objective predicates"; others, "factitive objects"; others, "objective attributes." The teacher may decide which name to use.

Exercise.

Select the direct objects and the modifying complements in the following sentences:

1. God is making commerce his missionary.

J. Cook.

2. Bishop Ken styled poetry "thought in blossom."

3. Sorrow breaks seasons and reposing hours,

Makes the night morning and the noontide night.

SHAKESPEARE.