4. Madame de Staël calls beautiful architecture "frozen music."

5. I call the book of Job one of the grandest things ever written. CARLYLE.

6. Thou shalt make the hardest circumstance a helper or a slave.

men.

7. Make not my ear a stranger to thy thoughts.

SHAKESPEARE.

8. Before Man made us citizens, great Nature made us

LOWELL.

9. Contentment makes a fast a feast.

10. What change has made the pastures sweet?

11. Ophelia thought Hamlet insane.

INGELOW.

I 2. "Your profession," said Dr. Johnson to Garrick, "has made you rich, and you have made your profession respectable."

13. 'Tis the mind that makes the body rich.

SHAKESPEARE.

XXXI. PERSON OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.

Review Section IV on page 167.

I. You may recite your

lesson.

2. I shall dismiss you soon.

3. We think he should speak more distinctly.
4. She reads her book. He gave it to her.
5. They brought their skates with them.
6. He says it is his, and I say it is mine.

Which of the pronouns in these sentences refer to the person speaking? Which refer to the person spoken to? Which nouns and which pronouns refer to the person or thing spoken of?

A pronoun which represents the speaker is of the first person, that which represents the person or persons spoken to is of the second person, and that which represents what is spoken of is of the third person.

A pronoun which shows by its form of what person it is, is called a personal pronoun.

The pronouns you have heretofore studied are personal pronouns. Name the personal pronouns.

Which of the pronouns in the illustrative sentences at the head of this Section are of the first person? Which are of the second person? Which are of the third person?

Every pronoun must be of the same person, number, and gender as its antecedent.

A noun is of the first person when it is in apposition with a pronoun of the first person; as:

I, Maurice, am ready to recite.

We boys are going skating after school.

A noun is of the second person :

I. When it is in apposition with a pronoun of the second person; as:

We will bring you girls something this afternoon.
Rouse, ye Romans! rouse, ye slaves!

2. When it names the person spoken to; as:

Eunice, come here.

O sacred forms, how proud you look!

In all other uses, a noun is of the third person.

Exercise.

Tell the person and number of each pronoun and noun in the following sentences:

1. We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

2. I tell thee thou art defied!

3. We, the pupils of the first division, have only one session each day.

4. Teach me, O lark! with thee to greatly rise,

5.

6.

T'exalt my soul and lift it to the skies. BURKE.
Tell me, sweet eyes, from what divinest star
Did ye drink in your liquid melancholy?

My Rose, so red and round,

BULWER-LYTTON.

My Daisy, darling of the summer weather,

You must go down now, and keep house together,
Low underground.

ALICE CARY.

XXXII. THE COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUN.

By adding self to my, our, thy, your, him, her, and it, and selves to our, your, and them, we obtain :

myself, ourself, thyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

These are called compound personal pronouns, and are used in the nominative and objective cases.

Exercises.

I. Write sentences containing each of the compound personal pronouns in the nominative case; in the objective case.

II. Find the compound personal pronouns in the following sentences, and tell upon what verb or preposition each depends:

1. Quit yourselves like men. - BIBLE. 2. God fulfills himself in many ways.

3. Help thyself and God will help thee. 4. Know thyself.

SOLON.

TENNYSON.

- HERBERT.

5. "I am always nearest to myself," says the Latin proverb.

MACAULAY.

6. God helps them that help themselves. FRANKLIN.

XXXIII. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

I. A man who is virtuous will be respected.

2. The leaves which had fallen were scattered by the wind.

3. This is the house that Jack built.

In each of these sentences the italicized element is a clause.

What noun does the italicized clause in the first sentence modify? What noun does the italicized clause in the second sentence modify? What noun does the italicized clause in the third sentence modify?

These clauses are used as adjectives. Such clauses are called adjective clauses.

In the sentences above, the words who, which, and that are pronouns, because they represent nouns. They connect the clauses in which they stand to their antecedents.

A pronoun which connects the clause in which it stands to its antecedent is a relative pronoun.

The words most frequently used as relative pronouns are who, which, what, and that.

Who, which, and that connect clauses by showing the relation of the clauses in which they stand to their antecedents.

What connects clauses by belonging to both of them; as:

I will give you what you need.

Here what is the object of will give and also the object of need. Its use is most readily understood by substituting for it its equivalent, the thing that or that which; as:

I will give you the thing that you need.

Who is used to represent persons. Which is used to represent animals or things (rarely persons); and that may be used in the place of who or which.

That should be used instead of who or which:

When it follows who; as:

Who that hears can fail to understand this?

When the antecedent represents both persons and things; as

The musician and the dancing bear that you saw have just come to town.