CLASS IV. Verbs whose past indicative and past participle are alike and formed from the root by vowel

CLASS V. Verbs which form their past participle

from their root or past indicative by adding n or en.

XLVI. REDUNDANT AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.

Redundant verbs are those which have two forms for

the same principal part.

Defective verbs are those which lack some of the modes and tenses. They are the following:

Ought was originally the past tense of owe, but is now

used as a present tense.

Wot (wis) is the present tense of to wit.

XLVII. CONJUGATION. — THE AUXILIARIES.

To conjugate a verb is to give its forms. Verbs have simple forms and phrase forms. Phrase forms are made by the aid of auxiliary verbs.

The auxiliary verbs are do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, and must. These are present forms. The corresponding past forms are did, was, had, should, would, might, and could.

Do, be, have, and will are also used as principal verbs.

CONJUGATION OF SHALL AND WILL.

As auxiliaries, shall and will are usually united in the same tense, as follows:

The forms with thou will be given throughout the tables of conjugation as those of the second person singular, though they are not often used. See note, page 229. The second person plural is used as the common form for the second person singular.

In the place of he in these tables may be inserted any singular subject of the third person, and in the place of they any plural subject of the third person. In the second person plural ye may be used instead of you.

CONJUGATION OF OTHER AUXILIARIES.

Can [thou canst] has for its past tense could [thou couldest or couldst].

Write the present and past tenses of can, and the present tense of must.

How is the second person singular of may, can, might, could, would, and should formed from the first person? How is the second person singular of will and shall formed?

POTENTIAL PHRASES.

With the auxiliaries may, can, must, might, could, would, and should, and the infinitives of verbs, we form phrases expressing possibility, liberty, power, obligation, etc., called.potential verb-phrases.

May, can, and must are used in present tenses; might, could, would, and should, in past tenses.

By placing have after may, can, or must in a potential verb-phrase, we form the present perfect tense. By placing have after might, could, would, or should, we form the past perfect tense. There are four tenses used in potential verb-phrases. Which are they?

[These tenses belong usually to the indicative mode, but are also used in the subjunctive mode.]