LV. CLAUSES AND CONNECTIVES. Review Sections IX and X on pages 175 and 176. The term element in grammar means a word, a phrase, or a clause that has a distinct use of its own. page 185.] [See Elements are coördinate when they are of the same rank, or are used in the same way. When one element is used to modify another, the element which is modified is called the principal element, and the element which modifies is called the subordinate element. A clause may be connected with others of equal rank, or it may be connected with a word in another clause. When a clause is connected with a word, it is subordinate to that word, and the clause in which the modified word stands is called a principal clause. We may give advice, but we cannot give conduct. Here the two clauses are of equal rank, neither modifying the other. They are called coördinate clauses. When numbers are expressed in words, they are usually left unpointed. Here the clause When numbers are expressed in words is connected with the word unpointed. It is therefore a subordinate clause, and the clause they are left unpointed is the principal clause. A subordinate clause is always used as though it were a noun, an adjective, or an adverb; and hence is called a noun clause, an adjective clause, or an adverbial clause, according to its use, Conjunctions which connect coördinate elements are called coördinate conjunctions. Conjunctions which connect a subordinate element with a principal element are called subordinate conjunctions. The words most frequently used as coördinate conjunctions are and, but, for, or, nor, therefore. The words most frequently used as subordinate conjunctions are as, because, before, since, though, that, till, until, unless, if, after, although, except. Subordinate connectives are: 1. Subordinate conjunctions. 2. Relative pronouns. 3. Conjunctive adverbs. For relative pronouns see page 223. A conjunctive adverb is one that modifies a verb and connects the clause in which it stands with the word or words which its clause modifies. The principal conjunctive adverbs are when, where, why, whither, and whence, and some of their compounds. Tell me when I may expect you. When as an adverb modifies may expect; as a conjunctive, it connects the clause when I may expect you with the verb tell. Exercise. In the following sentences which clauses are coördinate? By what kind of conjunctions are they connected? Which are the subordinate clauses? Which are the subordinate conjunctions? Which are the principal clauses? 1. Hurry is the mark of a weak mind, but despatch is the mark of a strong one. 2. The good which men do is not lost, though it is often disregarded. 3. Our blessings are the least heeded, because the most common events of life. BALLOU. 4. A clownish air is only a small defect; yet it is enough to make a man disagreeable. 5. It is true that we are never too old to be taught. 6. Make a proper use of your time; for the loss of it can never be repaired. 7. love. War is the law of violence, while peace is the law of 8. That which cannot be cured must be endured. 9. Remember David Crockett's advice, "Look before you leap." CORRELATIVES. Two words or groups of words so used in pairs that the first member of the pair causes us to anticipate the second are called correlatives. The second member of the pair is usually a conjunction; the first may be a conjunction, an adverb, or an adjective in the comparative degree. As as: So-as: Both - and: Either or: If - then : Neither nor: He is as tall as you are. He is not so tall as you are. Not only—but also: Cromwell was not only a great gen eral but also a great statesman. So that: Such as: It is so dark that I can scarcely see. I have selected such things as I think I need. Though yet: Though the boy is poor, yet he is am bitious. Whether or: I know not whether to praise or to blame you. Better than: He is better than you suppose. LVI. THE SENTENCE. — SIMPLE, COMPLEX, AND COMPOUND. Review Section I on page 164. Every sentence has a subject and a predicate, or is made up of clauses which have subjects and predicates. A simple sentence is one containing no clauses; as: The sunset of life gives me mystical lore. A compound sentence is one composed of coördinate clauses only; as: How few are our real wants, and how vast our imaginary ones! A complex sentence is one containing a principal clause with one or more subordinate clauses; as: Nobody talks much who does n't say unwise things. The clauses of a compound sentence may be simple or complex. Exercises. I. State whether the following sentences are simple, compound, or complex, and name the clauses in the compound and complex sentences: 1. Each day is the scholar of yesterday.. PUBLIUS SYRUS. 2. Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. SHELLEY. 3. Sow an act, and you reap a habit; sow a habit, and you reap a character; sow a character, and you reap a destiny. 4. Goodness is the only investment that never fails. THOREAU. 5. Every fact that is learned becomes a key to other facts. - YOUMAN. 6. Some women's faces are, in their brightness, a prophecy; and some, in their sadness, a history. — DICKENS. 7. Genius begins great works; labor alone finishes them. JOUBERT. 8. Heap high the farmer's wintry hoard; heap high the golden corn. 9. The Tudors were despotic, or history belies them. 10. Men do less than they ought unless they do all that they can. 11. Affliction, like the iron-smith, shapes as it smites. 12. It is well to think well; it is divine to act well. 13. This world is but the vestibule of an immortal life. 14. Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. II. Analyze the preceding sentences. In written analysis of compound sentences, the separate clauses, if desired, may be inclosed in parentheses. This is not usually necessary, however, as the marking of subjects and predicates sufficiently designates the clauses. See page 187. |