LVIT. THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

I. A rich man is envied.

2. A man who is rich is envied.

Is the first sentence simple, complex, or compound?

What is the second?

in the first sentence?

What adjective element is there

What does it modify? What

adjective element is there in the second sentence? What does it modify?

A clause used as an adjective is called an adjective clause.
What kind of clause is who is rich?

Exercises.

I. Point out the adjective clauses in the following sentences, and tell what noun each clause modifies :

1. Those berries that you have gathered are poisonous. [Those berries are poisonous is the principal clause, that you have gathered is the subordinate clause. That you have gathered is an adjective clause and modifies berries.]

2.

A man that gives to the poor is called charitable. 3. The lesson that I have given you will require study. 4. He that has much spirit makes most of his life. 5. They are not the best students that are most dependent on books.

6. The happiest man is he that has no thought for himself. 7. The man that has only himself to please finds himself a hard master.

8. He who sows courtesy reaps friendship, and he who plants kindness gathers love. - BASIL.

9. The hand that hath made you fair hath made you good. SHAKESPEARE.

10. No man who is unwilling to tread the lower rounds of a ladder can hope to reach the top.

11. To be happy is not the purpose for which you are placed in this world.

sentences are all relative What do they connect? Of what gender, person, [Look at the antecedent

The connectives in these pronouns. Point them out. What are their antecedents? and number is each relative? to determine this.] In what case is each relative? [Look at the subordinate clause to learn this.]

II. An adjective clause may be connected by a conjunctive adverb with the noun which it modifies.

Name the adjective clause, the conjunctive adverb, and the modified noun in the following sentences: 1. The reason why I came is understood.

2. The time when we are to start has not been fixed. 3. The land wherein they dwell is fruitful.

4. He knows the subject whereof he speaks.

5. The place whereon thou standest is holy ground. 6. He found the place where it was written.

III. Sometimes the connective is omitted.

the connectives in the sentences which follow. the adjective clause and the noun modified.

Supply
Tell

1. 'Tis education forms the common mind. [which] 2. I'm monarch of all I survey.

3. The book you mention must be interesting.

4. We must make the best bargain we can.

5. The friends he loved have departed.

6. The first thing a man has to do in this world is to

turn his possibilities into powers.

7. The maps you have drawn are very well done.

LVIII. THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

A clause used as an adverb is an adverbial clause.

Exercise.

Analyze the following sentences:

1. The wind bloweth where it listeth. BIBLE.
2. When a new book comes out, I read an old one.

3. If thou art wise, incline to truth.

ROGERS.

4. We bring forth weeds when our quick minds lie still. But come at once, for the close night doth play the SHAKESPEARE.

5.

runaway.

6. Her sun is gone down while it was yet day. - BIBLE. 7. The eternal stars shine out as soon as it is dark enough. CARLYLE.

8. Many a year is in its grave

Since I crossed this restless wave. - UHLAND.

9. Tribulation will not harm you unless it hardens you.

CHAPIN.

LIX. THE NOUN CLAUSE.

A clause, like a noun, may be the subject or the complement of a verb, the object of a preposition, or in apposition with a noun or a pronoun.

1. "I will try" has wrought wonders. [Noun clause used as subject.]

2. Shakespeare says, "All the world's a stage." [Noun clause used as object.]

3. The fear was that the bridge would give way. [Noun clause used as predicate nominative.]

4. The fact that the earth is round is well known. [Noun clause used in apposition with a noun.]

5. It is strange that you are so often late. [Noun clause used in apposition with a pronoun.]

6. Much depends upon how he makes his criticisms. [Noun clause used as the object of a preposition.]

A noun clause used as a subject is usually introduced by that or whether, which in such use may be called an introductory conjunction. A verb having a clause as its subject is of the third person, singular number.

Exercises.

I. Which clauses in the sentences below are noun clauses? Give the relation of each noun clause to the rest of the sentence. Parse the connective or the intro

ductory word: —

I. That you do not understand this is surprising.

2. It is known that the planets are wandering stars,

and that they receive their light from the sun.

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3. Honesty is the best policy" is a common maxim.

4. That a clause may be used as a subject sometimes puzzles pupils.

5.

This is my commandment, that ye love one another.

BIBLE.

6. No one can tell how the prisoner made his escape. 7. The certainty that war must come is growing more manifest.

8. Her favorite maxim was, "Wilful waste makes woful want."

9. My opinion is that poor memory is caused by poor attention.

II. Analyze the following sentences:

1. That he was suffering from hunger was well known.
2. That we must do it is certain.

3. Can he succeed? is the question.
4. The question is, Can he succeed?

5. The reason may be, he does not try.

6. One of Disraeli's famous sayings is, "The impossible always comes to pass."

7. "Remember the Maine!" was passed from man

to man.

8. That you have wronged me doth appear in this.

9.

That the earth moves was taught by Galileo. 10. That the soul is immortal is believed by all nations. II. How a seed becomes a plant is a great mystery.

ANALYSIS. - OBJECTIVE CLAUSES.

III. Analyze the following sentences: ---

1. We hope that you will return soon.
2. I heard that the vessel was lost at sea.

3. I wish the good were not so few.

4. I wish the bad were fewer.

5. Brutus says he was ambitious.

6. I always think the flowers can see us.

-GEORGE ELIOT.

7. "O Heaven!" he cried, "my bleeding country save."

CAMPBELL.

8. And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man.

BIBLE.

9. Beecher says, "Prayer is the key of the morning and the bolt of the night."

10. I see that hasty climbers soonest fall.

BYRD.