16. I see them walking in an air of glory. ·

VAUGHAN.

17. Let me not burst in ignorance. SHAKESPEARE. 18. Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. — BIBLE.

19. I have seen the wicked . spreading himself like a green bay tree.

BIBLE.

20. Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning. BIBLE.

21. I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips.

SHAKESPEARE.

22. Let not your heart be troubled. BIBLE. 23. Let not the sun go down upon your wrath. BIBLE. 24. His generous spirit made him a friend of the poor.

LXI. INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS.

The elements which have a place within the sentence, but are neither principal elements, modifying elements, nor connectives, are called independent elements.

The independent elements are:

1. The interjection.

2. Words used in exclamations like interjections; as, Oh, my eyes!

3. Nouns used to name the subject of a sentence and followed by a pronoun which is the real subject; as, The Pilgrim Fathers, where are they?

4. The noun or pronoun denoting the person addressed; as, Harold, come here.

5. The noun or pronoun used absolutely with a participle; as, The weather being stormy, there was session of school.

no

6. The words yes and no used in answer to questions.

7. Adverbs used as introductory words; as, There came a voice to him.

8. Adverbs and adverbial phrases modifying the sentence rather than any particular word of the sentence; as, Truly, that is a wise remark. An infinitive or a participle may be used as an adverb having this independent construction, as was shown in IV, page 278.

Exercise.

Point out the independent elements in the following

sentences:

1. Oh, I am so glad of it!

2. Alas, they are all gone!

3. Halloo! where are you going now?

4. James, bring me the hammer.
5. William, where have you been?

6. Fame! I care not for fame.

7. There is not a star to be seen.

8. Proud city of the waters, thou art doomed.
9. The war being over, the army was disbanded.

LXII. RULES OF SYNTAX.

I. The subject of a verb is in the nominative case.

NOTE. The subject of an infinitive is in the objective case; as, I know George to be a good boy.、

II. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person.
III. A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number,

and person.

IV. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.

NOTE. - An adjective used as a complement modifies the subject.

V. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. VI. A preposition connects its phrase with the word which its phrase modifies.

VII. A conjunction connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

VIII. An interjection has no grammatical relation.

IX. The complement of an intransitive or a passive verb is in the same case as the subject, if it denotes the same person or thing as the subject.

X. An appositive noun or pronoun is in the same case as the noun or pronoun it explains.

NOTE. A noun is sometimes in apposition with a clause; as, He gave the class an easy lesson, something very pleasing to them.

XI. A noun or a pronoun in the possessive case modifies the noun denoting the thing possessed.

XII. A noun or a pronoun used independently is in the nominative case.

XIII. A noun or a pronoun joined to a participle and not related to any other word in the sentence is in the nominative case absolute.

NOTE.

- Sometimes the noun or the pronoun is understood, and sometimes the participle.

XIV. A noun or a pronoun used with a preposition to form a phrase is in the objective case.

XV. A complement of a transitive verb in the active voice is in the objective case.

XVI. An indirect object of a verb is in the objective case.
XVII. A noun used adverbially is in the objective case.

LXIII. SOME WORDS DIFFICULT TO PARSE.

[For reference.]

As after such or same is a relative pronoun; as:
Study such subjects as please you.

In this sentence as is a pronoun used as the subject of please and having for its antecedent subjects.

Some grammarians explain such a construction as an ellipsis. Study such subjects as those are which please

you.

As may be an adverb or a conjunction; as:

Mine is as good as yours [is].

The first as is an adverb modifying good; the second as is a conjunction connecting the clauses.

As is sometimes merely a sign of apposition, and in this use is a conjunction; as:

Grammar as a study has great utility.

Both is generally a pronominal adjective; as:

Both men are here.

When both is followed by and it is a conjunction correlative with and; as :

Both James and John are here.

But may also be a preposition; as:

Man wants but little here below.

For is a conjunction when it means because; in all other cases it is a preposition.

Much, more, and most are adjectives, adjective pronouns, or adverbs.

To whom much is given, from him shall much be

required.

In this sentence much is an adjective pronoun and subject of the verb.

No is an adjective when it is used with a noun. In the answer to a question, no is used independently.

Only is an adjective when it modifies a noun or a pronoun; an adverb when it modifies a verb.

Since is a conjunction; as:

Since this is true we must not dispute it.

Since is also a preposition; as:

Since that time he has made good progress.

Since is also an adverb; as:

I was at his house about six months since.

That is a pronominal adjective; as:

That man is my brother.

That is also an adjective pronoun; as :

This is mine, that is yours.

That is also a relative pronoun; as:

He that despiseth reproof shall suffer.

That is also a conjunction; as:

We study that we may improve.
I know that I must do it.