and other vehicles for passengers on the roads of Great Britain. It is of French origin. DRAG. See COACH. DRAG-HUNT. in parts of the country where foxes are not plentiful, a substitute is hunt' the found for hunting purposes in the shape of an anise-seed bag, the scent of which is so similar to that of a fox as to deceive a pack of hounds. Previous to the " anise-seed bag is drawn over a long and difficult course, and over this the hounds and huntsmen follow an imaginary fox. The anise-seed bag is technically known as the "drag" and the hunt as a "drag-hunt." DRAGOMAN, from the Turkish trukéman, the general name given in Turkey to an interpreter, or to a guide to foreigners. The common dragoman corresponds exactly to the Italian cicerone, or the French commissionaire or calet de place. There are several connected with the hotels at Constantinople and other Turkish cities, who pounce eagerly upon European travelers, to perform every imaginable service. The diplomatic drago men are, however, important personages, being the medium of communication between Though usually natives, they and the Christian ambassadors and the sublime porte. their families enjoy the privilege of being under the protection of the embassy they serve, and are subject to the laws of the country of that embassy, and not to the Turkish law. This privilege, which is also enjoyed by all the subjects of the great Christian powers resident in Constantinople, etc., is much valued, on account of the greater severity of the Turkish laws, and the summary manner in which they are executed. These dragomen are mostly of Italian extraction. DRAGON, a name applied in modern natural history, both popularly and by scientific authors, to different kinds of saurian reptiles. Some of these (the genus draco of Linnæus) are remarkably characterized by false ribs extending from the sides, so as to support a membrane which is used as a parachute. These are called flying dragons (q.v.), or flying lizards. Another reptile which has received the name D., and is also called D. LIZARD ada), belongs to a family of saurians, teyida, found only in America, closely allied to the varanida of the old world, and to which, in common with them, the names MONITOR and SAFEGUARD have sometimes been given, in consequence of their being supposed-although erroneously-to give warning by a hiss of the proximity of a crocodile or alligator. It inhabits the marshy plains of Guiana, climbs trees with facility, bites severely, has a long compressed tail, the back and tail crested, the tongue forked like that of a serpent, and attains a length of about 6 feet. Both its flesh and eggs are used as articles of food. DRAGON. In the mythical history and legendary poetry of almost every nation, the D. appears as the emblem of the destructive and anarchic principle, as it manifests itself in the earlier stages of society-viz., as misdirected physical power and untamable animal passion. Like the serpent, the D. is always a minister of evil, of the principle which aims at negation, opposition, and contradiction, the object of which is to fight against order, harmony, and progress. But whilst the serpent seeks the attainment of its object by cunning and deceitful artifices-crawling on its belly, and always assuming ostensibly characteristics the very opposite of its own-the D. proceeds openly to work, running on its feet, with expanded wings, and head and tail erect, violently and ruthlessly outraging decency and propriety, spouting fire and fury from both mouth and tail, and wasting and devastating the whole land. The destruction of this disorderly element was one of the first objects of human energy, but it was an object which was unattainable by merely human means, and mankind were accordingly indebted for its accomplishment to that intermediate class of beings known as heroes in classical antiquity. As the highest ideal of human strength and courage, the task properly fell to Hercules; but it was not confined to him, for we find both Apollo and Perseus represented as dragon-slayers. From legendary poetry, the D. passed into art, some of the earliest efforts of which probably consisted in depicting it on the shield, or carving it for the crest of a conqueror's helmet. The D. does not seem to have been a native emblem with the Romans, and when they ultimately adopted it as a sort of subordinate Amongst all the symbol, the eagle still holding the first place, it seems to have been in consequence of their intercourse with nations either of Pelasgic or Teutonic race. new races which overran Europe at the termination of the classical period, the D. seems to have occupied nearly the same place that it held in the earlier stages of Greek life. In the Nibelungen Lied, we find Siegfried killing a D. at Worms; and the contest of Beowulf (q.v.), first with the monster Grendel, and then with the D., forms the princiAmong the Teu pal incident in the curious epic which bears the name of the former. Even Thor himself was a slayer of dragons (J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, ii. 653). tonic tribes which settled in England, it was from the first depicted on their shields and banners; and Dr. Piott, in his History of Oxfordshire, ascribes the origin of the very ancient custom of carrying the D. in procession at Burford, in great jollity, on midsummer eve. to the fact of a banner adorned with a golden D. having been taken by a king of the West Saxons from a king of Mercia. The custom, however, is said by Brand, on 1 the authority of Aubanus, to have prevailed in Germany, and was probably common in other parts of England (Brand's Pop. Antiq., i. 321). Nor was the D. peculiar to the Teutonic races. Amongst the Celts, it was the emblem of sovereignty, and as such borne as the sovereign's crest. Mr. Tennyson's Idyls have made every one familiar with "the dragon of the great pendragonship," blazing on Arthur's helmet, as he rode forth to his last battle, and "making all the night a stream of fire." The fiery D., or drake, and the flying D. in the air, were meteoric phenomena, of which we have frequent accounts in old books, and, indeed, as Brand remarks, "the dragon is one of those shapes which fear has created to itself," and which appears in circumstances, and clothes itself in forms, as various as our fears. In Christian art, the D. is the emblem of sin, the usual form that is given to it being that of a winged crocodile. It is often represented as crushed under the feet of saints and martyrs, and other holy personages. Sometimes its prostrate attitude signifies the triumph of Christianity over paganism, as in pictures of St. George and St. Sylvester; or over heresy and schism, as when it was adopted as the emblem of the knights of the order of the D. in Hungary, which was instituted for the purpose of contending against the adherents of John Huss and Jerome of Prague. The D. is often employed in heraldry; and other animals, such as the lion, are someumes represented with the hinder parts resembling dragons. An animal so represented is said to be dragonné. See GRIFFIN. A D. without wings is called a lindworm, or lintworm, which Grimm (Deutsche Mythol., ii. 652) explains to mean a beautiful or shining worm. DRAGON, GREEN, Dracunculus vulgaris, a plant of the natural order aracea, which receives its name from its spotted stem. It is a native of the s. of Europe. Its flowers are black, remarkably fetid, and give out exhalations which cause headache, giddiness. and vomiting. The root is emetic, and, probably for no better reason than the peculiar appearance of the stem, has been supposed useful for curing serpent-bites. DRAGONET, Callionymus, a genus of fishes of the goby (q.v.) family (gobiada), remarkable for having the gill-openings reduced to a small hole on each side of the nape, and the ventral fins placed under the throat, separate, and larger than the pectorals. They have no air-bladder. The species are pretty numerous; most of them finely colored, as the GEMMEOUS D. (C. lyra) of the British coasts-called goudie (gorod, gold) in Scotland a fish about 10 or 12 in. long, the prevailing yellow color of which is varied with spots of sapphirine blue, etc. DRAGON-FLY, Libellula, a Linnæan genus of neuropterous insects, now constituting the family libellulida. They are in general very beautiful, rivaling butterflies in their hues, and like them loving the sunshine. They are, however, easily distinguished from butterflies, even at a distance, by their more slender form and comparatively narrow gauze-like wings; and differ from them still more widely in their habits, as they do not feed on the nectar of flowers, but prey on other insects, which they pursue with rapid flight. Dragon-flies have a large head; the mouth is formed for mastication, and its parts, especially the mandibles, possess great strength.-See the article COLEOPTERA for an explanation of the structure of the mouth in masticating insects, and the names of its parts.-The antennæ are short, awl-shaped, and of few joints. The eyes are large, lateral, and projecting. The wings-four in number-are equal in size, or nearly so, long, very thin, and very much reticulated. The legs are short. The abdomen in some is compressed, in others slender and cylindrical, in some remarkable for its extreme slenderness. The French name demoiselle, given to these insects, seems to be due to their beauty. They are, however, equally remarkable for their voracity. The great dragon-fly (aeshna grandis), an insect about 4 in. long, the largest of the British species, has been seen to dart upon a large cabbage-butterfly which passed as it was flitting up and down in search of prey; and then settling on a twig, it bit off the wings, and in less than a minute devoured the body. Dragon-flies are usually most abundant in the vicinity of lakes, rivers, and marshes. They deposit their eggs in water, and the larvæ and pupæ are entirely aquatic, living chiefly at the bottom of the water, and creeping on the submerged parts of aquatic plants. They are as ravenous as the perfect insect, which in general form they pretty much resemble; aquatic insects are their food. The pupa, unlike those of the greater number of insects, are active. They are provided with the means of drawing water into their bodies to supply air for respiration, and expel it again by the same orifice at the extremity of the abdomen, with such force, that they thus propel themselves through the water, whilst their legs are at rest. When the final transformation is about to take place, the dragon-fly pupa crawls out of the water on a stick, rush, or other object; fixes itself by hooks, with which its legs are furnished; and the skin then splitting at the back, the perfect insect comes forth, but with body and wings quite soft and moist, and the wings still folded up into small compass. In the sub-family of agrionida, the wings are elevated vertically in repose: in the true libellulidæ (libellula aeshna, etc.), they are extended horizontally. Dragon-flies extend even into very northern regions, but are most abundant in warm climates. See illus., BEETLES, ETC, vol. II. DRAGONNADES, the name applied to a series of religious persecutions which took place in France in the reign of Louis XIV. and that of his successor, and which were intended to compel the Protestants of that country to renounce their religion. They consisted of armed expeditions, led by a bishop, an intendant, a sub-delegate, or a priest, who marched through the provinces, demanding of the heretics that they should abjure their faith, and leaving such as were refractory to be dealt with by the unscrupulous troops. Foremost among the armed force rode dragoons, who, from the fact of their taking the precedence, and also from the merciless treatment to which they subjected the Protestants, had the unenviable honor of giving a name to the persecutions. Louis XIV., who had been entirely misinformed as to the means employed in the D. by the courtiers and fanatics who surrounded his throne, was delighted to find that from 250 to 400 Protestants were daily being received into the bosom of the church, and in consequence, on the 22d Oct., 1685, a few months after the date of the first of the D., he revoked the edict of Nantes (q.v.), that the good work might be fully accomplished. DRAGON ROOT, Arisama atrorubens, formerly arum triphyllum, a plant of the natural order aracea, a native of North America, the tuber of which is a powerful local irritant, and is used as a stimulant of the secretions in chronic bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism, etc. The powder, made into a paste with honey, is beneficially applied to the mouths and throats of children in aphthæ; and milk, in which the root has been boiled, is a useful ointment in cases of scalled head, ringworm, etc. DRAGON'S BLOOD, sometimes called gum dragon, an astringent, resinous substance, obtained from several trees of different natural orders, natives of warm countries. The greater part of the D. B. of commerce is probably the produce of pterocarpus draco, a large South American tree of the natural order leguminosa, suborder papilionacea, which at some seasons appears as a magnificent mass of yellow blossom. A similar substance is yielded in the East Indies, by the red sandal-wood tree (pterocarpus santalinus); and dalbergia monetaria, a tree of the same order, yields it in Guiana. Mexican D. B., used in Mexico as a vulnerary and astringent, is obtained from croton draco (see CROTON), of the natural order euphorbiacea. The best kind of all is supposed to be produced by cal amus draco, an East Indian palm, and part of it is said to be obtained from the fruit of the palm.-D. B. exudes from the surface of the leaves, and from cracks in the stem of the DRAGON TREE (dracana draco), a tree of the natural order liliacea, remarkable for the size which it sometimes attains, rivaling even the baobab, and of which a celebrated specimen near Orotava, in the island of Teneriffe, was found by Humboldt in 1799 to have a stem about 45 ft. in circumference, and is described as having been of similar gigantic size in the beginning of the 15th century. The stem of the dragon tree is, however, generally short in proportion to its thickness, and its head consists of numerous short branches, terminating in tufts of sword-shaped leaves. It is not supposed to yield any of the D. B. of commerce. D. B. is opaque, of a deep reddish-brown color, brittle, smooth, with a shining shelllike fracture, and when burned, emits an odor resembling that of benzoin. It is nearly insoluble in water, but is soluble in alcohol, and the solution will permanently stain heated marble, for which it is often used, as well as for staining leather and wood. It is also soluble in oils and turpentines, and enters into the composition of brilliant and much-esteemed varnishes. It was formerly employed in medicine, but is now almost out of use.-An astringent resin obtained from the eucalyptus resinifera of Australia is there called dragon's blood. DRAGON'S MOUTH, or, in Spanish, BOCA DEL DRAGO, is the name of two straits or passages in the new world. One of them is in South America, separating Trinidad from the mainland, and connecting the gulf of Paria with the s.e. extremity of the Caribbean sea. The other is in Central America, being on the n.e. coast of Veragua, the most north-westerly portion of New Granada, and it communicates between the Caribbean sea and lake Chiriqui. DRAGOON. From the old fable that the dragon spouts fire, the head of the monster was worked upon the muzzles of a peculiar kind of short muskets which were first carried by the horsemen raised by Marshal Brissac in the year 1600. This circumstance led to their being called dragoons; and from the general adoption of the same weapon, though without the emblem in question, the term gradually extended itself till it became At present, dragoon almost synonymous with horse-soldier. Dragoons were at one time a kind of mounted infantry, drilled to perform the services both of horse and foot. is simply one among many designations for cavalry, not very precise in its application. In the British army, the heavy dragoons and the light dragoons are carefully distinguished in regard to the weight of the men, horses, and appointments. The first dragoons in the army were the Scots Greys, established in 1683. In the British army there are at present 7 regiments of "D. guards," and 21 regiments of "dragoons," besides the 3 cuirassed regiments of household troops. See HORSE GUARDS. In the U. S. army the term Dragoon is not now in use. DRAGUIGNAN, a t. of France, in the department of Var, on a tributary of the Argens, about 40 m. n.e. of Toulon. It is charmingly situated, in the midst of a valley sur rounded by hills, the slopes of which are covered with vineyards and olive plantatious It is tolerably built; and its streets are adorned with numerous fountains and trees. Its principal structures are the prison, the court-house, a hospital, and a stately clock-tower. It has manufactures of coarse woolens, leather, hosiery, silks, soap, brandy, oil, and earthenware. Pop. '91, 9816. D. is an ancient place. During the middle ages it was strongly fortified. The fortifications were destroyed in the civil wars, but were reconstructed in 1615. DRAINAGE, in husbandry, is the art of carrying off water from the soil and subsoil of land by means of open or closed drains or trenches-the term, however, is generally understood to apply to closed drains. By its means, the fertility of wet land has been greatly increased. When the drains are put in every 6 or 10 yards, it is called furrow or frequent draining. The vast amount of capital which has been expended in D. within a quarter of a century, attests its utility and necessity. Before the introduction of furrow draining, stiff and tenacious clays were of comparatively little value. They were cultivated at much expenditure of labor, and the crops which grew upon them were influenced to a great extent by the variations of the seasons. A system by which wet and worthless land could be rendered dry and valuable, was an improvement so patent to practical men, that we need not wonder at its general adoption. D. by open ditches was no doubt the first mode of freeing land from superfluous water. The Roman agricultural writers mention the good results arising from covered drains, which were formed of wood and other substances, which served so far to render the land dry. More than a century ago, a large extent of clay-land was drained at narrow intervals in Norfolk and Essex, by putting in brush-wood and even straw in the bottom of the drains. The progress of draining, which is now regarded in many soils as essential to economic culture, was slow and partial, until Mr. Smith of Deanston (well on in the 19th c.) reduced the practice to a system, and showed the principles upon which its efficiency depended. Through the exertions of this advocate, furrow draining soon became a sine quâ non in the culture of clay-soils, or indeed any soil, in moist climates. Practical men consider the line of greatest fall, or quickest descent, as the best for cutting drains in a field. The smaller drains are usually conducted into larger or main drains, instead of each discharging its quota of water into the open ditch. This is rendered necessary, as the mouths of the smaller drains would be more liable to be choked up by the growth of weeds; while the collecting of water into main drains secures a fuller flow to sweep out any matters which might accumulate where the discharge was small. Moreover, the less of the action of the air in the drains, the more efficient they are. The most efficient, and at the same time cheaply cut drain, is made so that a pipe of a cylindrical form may be laid along the bottom, which need be of no greater width than what is necessary to allow of the pipes being properly laid. Drains of this form are cut with a set of spades which are of different widths-the broader being used for taking out the top, and the narrowest for the bottom. The one which cuts the last spit is called the bottoming tool, and its introduction has effected a considerable saving in cutting drains. The pick has often to be used, too, where the subsoil is hard. The cutting of drains is heavy, crushing work. Men employed at this sort of labor are generally paid by the piece; and a professional will make rather above the ordinary rate of laborer's pay. One not accustomed to drain-cutting finds it for some time very hard labor; but experienced hands prefer draining to trenching. Before the general use of pipes, stones were the common materials with which drains were formed. Mr. Smith recommended that they should be broken so small, that they might pass through a ring two inches and half in diameter. From nine inches to a foo in depth was the quantity which was commonly put in. Where stones can be easily got, they are still preferred to tiles, as cheaper, and if well put in, more efficient and durable. The best plan is to set a pretty large block at each side of the bottom of the drain, and then use a third as a sort of wedge. A coating of smaller stones is surmounted by some turf and the muck. When tiles and pipes were first used, it was ever thought necessary to have some gravel, or small stones, placed above them in the drains, for the purpose of enabling the water to find its way into them. It was soon found, however, that tile drains were quite as efficient without any stones or gravel; and that they were less liable to be choked up, as the clay or earth acted as a filter in preventing the intrusion of any kind of solid matter Many kinds of tiles and pipes have been tried, but the cylindrical form is most used. At one time, a bore in the tile of an inch in diameter was thought sufficient, but 2-in. tiles are now preferred. They are usually made about 15 in. in length. The continuity of the drain is maintained completely by collars, which should always be used as a means for securing efficiency and permanency. In soft mossy or clayey subsoils, semi-cylindrical tiles called muggs have been laid, with the bend up, on lath. This is expensive, but is necessary in some cases. Much discussion has taken place in regard to the proper depth of drains, as well as the distance at which they should be placed. Mr. Smith at first advocated the making of drains from 24 to 3 ft. deep, and at intervals of from 10 to 40 ft., according to the nature of the land. Experience, however, has been gradually favoring deeper drains, at wider intervals. Even on the most tenacious soils with subsoils of till, few now think of having drains less than 3 ft. in depth, though the distance apart should not in many cases be more than from 15 to 18 feet. The depth, however, depends greatly on the soil-34 and 4 ft., with the leader drains 6 in. more, are common dimensions. In mossy land the depth has sometimes to be 7 feet. The width between drains depends on the wetness of the land and the character of the subsoil. The mere tenacity of clays is not the element which determines the depth of drains, or the distance at which they should be placed apart. It is now well understood that the success of draining by pipes depends upon the fissures which are produced in the subsoil by the droughts of summer never entirely closing up; and thus minute channels As the properties of clays become are formed, which lead the water into the drains. better understood and classified, practical men come to be more at one in regard to this important point connected with the economy of drainage. The principal advantages of D. are, the deepening of the staple soil, and rendering it more friable, so that a superfluity of water, which would cause the formation of those chemical compounds that are found in stagnant water, is prevented. The greater depth of mold, and more perfect culture, render the soil more absorbent of moisture in dry weather. As crops can usually be sown sooner on drained lands, they also ripen earlier, and produce more abundantly. In short, while drained land obtains a greater capacity for moisture and manure, it imparts to plants greater capabilities for economically working up the materials which they find in the soil and atmosphere, seeing they are main. tained in the most healthy conditions of growth. The advantage of D. consists in that rapid running off of the water which falls as rain, so as to admit of working lands without any undue delay, while natural springs and dampness, from whatever source arising, are also run away with wonderful success. Subsoil D. has been perhaps the most valuable improvement connected with agriculture. See illus., AGRICULTURE, Vol. I.; WATER STORAGE, ETC., vol. XV. DRAINAGE-TUBES, in surgery, are a recent but important addition to the surgical appliances for which this profession is indebted to a distinguished French surgeon, M. Chassaignac. They are composed of India-rubber, from 4th to 8th in. in diameter, perforated with numerous holes, and of various lengths. They are especially useful in chronic abscesses (which it may be unadvisable to empty at once) and empyema (q.v.), but also in large wounds, such as those made by amputation, and in all cases where there is apt to be a deep accumulation of discharge. They are introduced in such a manner that one end is on a level with, or projects above the skin; the other is in communication with the seat of discharge; and by allowing that discharge constantly to escape Like all new inventions, it has its from the external wound, they diminish both chemical irritation from putrid accumulation, and mechanical irritation from pressure. advocates and opponents. Thus, while sir William Paget, in his article "Sinus and Fistula," in Holmes's System of Surgery, says that "drainage, for which the perforated caoutchouc-tube of M. Chassaignac is a very happy invention, is applicable to a great number of cases; but chiefly to those in which a sinus or incomplete fistula depends mainly on pus collecting at a level below or distant from the aperture of discharge, or more generally, when pus is apt to be retained."-Sir William Paget's surgical colleague Abscess," which immediately precedes at St. Bartholomew's hospital, in his article " that from which we have just quoted, objects to the drainage-tube on the grounds that, as a foreign body, it sets up irritation, and adds that "if a proper opening be made, there can be rarely any occasion for a drainage-tube; and however carefully it is inserted, it must of necessity inconvenience and distress the patient." Notwithstanding Mr. Coote's objections, drainage-tubes are now very generally used in surgical practice. DRAKE, CHARLES DANIEL, b. Cincinnati, 1811; studied and practiced law; went to St. Louis, 1834; representative to the Mo. legislature, 1859-60; member of the state convention, 1863; presidential elector, 1864; member of the Mo. constitutional convention, 1865; U. S. senator, 1867-70; chief-justice, court of claims, 1870-85; wrote Treatise on the Law of Suits by Attachment in the U. S., 1854; Union and Anti-Slavery Speeches, 1864; and many occasional orations. He d. in 1892. DRAKE, DANIEL, 1785-1852; a physician; b. N. J.; graduated at the university of Pennsylvania, 1816. In 1818, he founded a medical college in Cincinnati; also a commercial hospital. In 1823, and following years, he was professor in medical colleges in Philadelphia, Louisville, and Cincinnati. He wrote An Historical and Scientific Account of Cincinnati, and A Systematic Treatise, historical, etiological, and practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as they appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux varieties of its Population. He DRAKE, Sir FRANCIS, was b. about the year 1539, in a cottage on the banks of the Tavy, in Devonshire. His father was a yeoman, and had a family of twelve sons. was a zealous Protestant, and during the persecution under queen Mary, he fled from Devonshire into Kent, in which co. his family was brought up. He obtained some kind of clerical appointment among the sea-faring men of the district, and in consequence, D.'s younger years were passed among sailors. He was at an early age apprenticed to |