DODDRIDGE, PHILIP, D.D., an eminent dissenting preacher and author, was b. in London in the year 1702, and educated for the ministry at a theological academy at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, presided over by a Mr. John Jennings. In 1722, he became pastor of the dissenting congregation at Kibworth, and in 1729 received a call to Northampton, where he also became president of the theological academy now removed from Kibworth to that town. Here he continued to preach and train young students for the ministry till within a short period of his death, which occurred Oct. 26, 1751, at Lisbon, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. D. was a man of the most amiable character, deep piety, and extensive accomplishments. His principal work is The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul (1750). It has been translated into Dutch, German, Danish, and French. Besides this, may be mentioned The Family Expositor (6 vols., 1760-62); his Course of Lectures delivered to the students under his charge, and published by the Rev. Samuel Clarke (1763); and a great variety of sermons on miscellaneous religious topics. D. also wrote a considerable number of hymns, which hold a high rank among those used by English and Scotch dissenters.

DODEC ́AGON. A regular polygon of 12 equal sides and angles. See REGULAR PLANE

FIGURES.

DODECAHE DRON, one of the five 'regular solids, is bounded by 12 equal and regular pentagons. See REGULAR PLANE FIGURES.

DODECATH'EON, plants of the order primulacea. A species in the United States called American cowslip, shooting-star, and pride of Ohio, is a beautiful plant.

DÖDERLEIN, LUDWIG, a German philologist, was b. at Jena, 19th Dec., 1791; studied at Munich, Heidelberg, Erlangen, and Berlin; and in 1815 was appointed professor of philology at the academy of Berne. About the year 1820, he went to Erlangen as second professor of philology, and in 1827 became first professor and also director of the philological seminary. He died in 1863. His principal works are Lateinische Synonymen und Etymologien (6 vols., Leip. 1826-38); Lateinische Wortbildung (Leip. 1838); Handbuch der Lat. Etymologie (Leip. 1841); Homerisches Glossarium (3 vols., 1850-58). D. also edited several classical works, such as the Edipus Coloneus of Sophocles, and the Opera of Tacitus.

DODGE, a co. in south central Georgia, formed in 1870, on the two Ocmulgee rivers, and intersected by the Southern railroad; about 414 sq. miles. Co. seat, Eastman. Pop. of co. '90, 11,452.

DODGE, a co. in s. e. Minnesota, crossed by the Chicago and Northwestern railroad, and drained by the tributaries of the Zumbro river; 430 sq. m.; pop. '90, 10,864. It is mostly a level and fertile prairie. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, Mantorville. DODGE, a co. in central Nebraska, n. of the Platte and intersected by the Elkhorn; crossed by the Union Pacific and other railroads; 520 sq. m.; pop. '90, 19,260. The productions are corn, wheat, oats, etc. Co. seat, Fremont.

DODGE, a co. in. s. e. Wisconsin, on Rock river, crossed by several railroads; 900 sq. m.; pop. '90, 44,984. The surface is prairie with oak openings, and there are forests of ash, elm, maple, etc. The soil is very fertile. Co. seat, Juneau.

DODGE, MARY ABIGAIL (known in literature as "GAIL HAMILTON"), a brilliant, witty, and satirical writer; was born at Hamilton, Mass., about 1830, and was a school teacher in her youth. Among her works are Country Living and Country Thinking (1862); Gala Days (1863); Woman's Wrongs (1868); The Battle of the Books (1870); Woman's Worth and Worthlessness (1871); Sermons to the Clergy (1875); and Our Common School System (1880). Residing in Washington for many years she contributed vigorous letters to newspapers and periodicals on political subjects, and in the winter of 1890-91 conducted a Bible-class for adults in that city, giving the public the benefit of her "talks" in A Washington Bible-Class (1891). She d. in 1896.

DODGE, MARY ELIZABETH MAPES, b. New York, in 1838. She married when very young; was soon after left a widow with two children, and turned to literature as a means of support; contributed to many of the leading periodicals, and pub. Irvington Stories; Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates, which has gone through several editions in this country, has been translated into five foreign languages, and was awarded a prize of 1500 francs by the French academy; Theophilus and Others; Donald and Dorothy, etc. She has been editor of St. Nicholas since its foundation.

DODGE, WILLIAM EARLE b. Conn., 1804; for many years a merchant of New York, where he became known as president of the American Bible society, and in connection with the Young Men's Christian Association, and as active in many philanthropic and benevolent efforts. He was one of the members of the peace convention of 1861, and a member of congress in 1865-67. He d. 1883. There is a statue of him in New York. DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE, M.A., was born in England in 1832, graduated at Oxford University in 1854, entered the church in 1861, was mathematical lecturer at Christ Church College, 1855-81, and has written A Syllabus of Plain and Algebraical Geometry (1860); Elementary Treatise on Determinants (1867). He has achieved, under the pen name of Lewis Carroll, a world-wide fame, however, for his amusing books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865); Through the Looking Glass (1871); Sylvie and Bruno (1889), etc. D. Jan., 1898.

Dog.

DODINGTON, GEORGE BUBB, Baron Melcombe, 1691-1762; an English politician, graduate of Oxford, and in 1715 member of parliament. In 1716 he was envoy to Spain. In 1720 he inherited his uncle's vast estate, and built a mansion in Dorsetshire at a cost of $700,000. He gathered around him the literati of the time, among whom were Young, Thomson, and Fielding. In politics he was variable. His diary from 1749 until near his death, gives a vivid picture of the politics and manners of the time. DO'DO, Didus, a genus of birds formerly ranked among the brevipennes (q.v.) or struthious birds (ostrich, cassowary, etc.), although exhibiting very anomalous peculiarities; but still more interesting because, whilst it appears to be now completely extinct, its extinction has taken place very recently, and through the agency of man; at least one species (D. ineptus) being known to have existed less than 200 years since. It is described by several voyagers of the 16th and 17th centuries, and seems even to have been brought alive to Europe. It inhabited the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius. That any species of D. was ever seen by European voyagers in Madagascar, is not so certain; and the solitaire (q.v.) of the island of Rodriguez, now also extinct, was a very different bird. The D., according to the descriptions given of it by those who saw it, and which are confirmed by pictorial representations, apparently not unworthy of confidence, was a bird larger than a swan; of a very heavy, clumsy form and correspond ing gait, with short thick scale-covered legs; three rather short toes before and one behind; large head; very large bill, the upper mandible longer than the under, and much hooked at the point; the wings so short as to be of no use for flight, and furnished only with a few black feathers; the general plumage a kind of grayish-down; the tail merely a tuft or bunch of curiously curled feathers. The D. was so abundant when some of the first voyagers visited Mauritius, that they became satiated with its flesh, although they describe it, particularly the breast, as good for food. The birds were easily killed, being wholly unable to fly, and running slowly. Their speedy extinction after the islands began to be visited and settled, is thus easily accounted for. The D. seems to have been adapted for living in tropical woods, where the luxuriant vegetation afforded it a ready supply of food, and its powerful hooked bill, which has led some naturalists to assign it a place among birds of prey, was probably intended for tearing vegetable and not animal substances. However singular this bill is in a struthious bird, it has been well remarked that it is not more so than the very different bill of the apteryx.

There are rude figures of the D. in several works of the 17th c., and in particular one, evidently superior to the rest, in Bontius (edited by Piso, 1658)-who calls the bird dronte or dodaers-which perfectly correspond with the descriptions given of it, with a painting preserved in the British museum, said to have been drawn in Holland from the living bird, and with a representation of it discovered by prof. Owen in 1838 in Savery's picture of "Orpheus and the Beasts" at the Hague, which he thinks "must have been copied from a study of the living bird." A foot of the D. is amongst the valued treasures of the British museum.

DODO'NA, a city of Epirus, the seat of the oldest Grecian oracle there, is situated in one of the wildest districts s. w. of the lake of Janina. The Greek and Egyptian accounts of its origin differ. The priests of Jupiter in Egyptian Thebes related that two holy women were carried off from that city by a party of Phenicians, one of whom was sold in Libya, the other to the Greeks, and that these women founded the oracles at D. and Ammon. The inhabitants of D. related that two black doves took their flight from the city of Thebes, in Egypt, one of which flew to Libya, the other to D.; that the latter perched upon an oak, and with a human voice commanded that an oracle should be founded on the spot. Herodotus is of opinion, that if the Phenicians did actually carry off the two women already alluded to, one of them was probably sold into Greece; that the strange language and dark complexion had caused them to be likened to birds; and that when they became acquainted with the Greek tongue, they were said to have spoken with a human voice. Later authors ascribe the founding of the city to Deucalion. The sanctuary itself was dedicated to Jupiter, who manifested himself from the boughs of an oak, probably by the noise of the wind through the tree. This was explained by the priests, who were termed selloi or helloi. The goddess Dione, by some said to be Aphrodite, by others Hera, afterwards appeared by the side of Jupiter, and the place of the priests was occupied by priestesses, who announced the will of the deity. D., though not equal in renown to Delphi, was yet frequently consulted on occasions of importance, both by the Spartans and Athenians. Though the city of D. was destroyed in 219 B.C. by the Ætolians, it recovered at a later period, and was in existence in the 6th C. A.D. See Dodone et ses Ruines, by Carapanos (1878).

DODSLEY, ROBERT, author and publisher, was born in 1703, near Mansfield, in Nottingham. His father, who is said to have been a schoolmaster, apprenticed him to a stocking-weaver; but finding this employment unsuitable, D. ran away, and was afterwards engaged as footman. While thus employed he devoted his leisure moments to reading and the cultivation of letters, and eventually published, in 1732, a volume of poems entitled The Muse in Livery, or the Footman's Miscellany. His next production, The Toy Shop, a dramatic piece, was submitted in manuscript to Pope, who undertook to recommend it to Rich, the manager of Covent Garden theater. It was acted under Rich's management in 1735 with great success. The proceeds resulting from the pub lication of these his first two works enabled D to commence business as a bookseller.

in which trade he was very successful. In 1737, his King and the Miller of Mansfield was brought out at Drury Lane, and met with an enthusiastic reception. This was followed by Sir John Cockle at Court; The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green; and Rex et Pontifex, which were republished in a collected edition of his dramatic works with the title of Trifles (1748). Meantime, he was conducting his business with such ability and spirit, that in the course of three years after commencement he was in a position to buy copyrights. In 1738, he bought Johnson's London, giving for it no more than ten guineas. His most successful work was a tragedy called Cleone, which was acted at Covent Garden with extraordinary success. On its publication, 2,000 copies were sold the first day, and within the year the work ran through four editions. With Cleone he closed his career of dramatic authorship. D. was connected either as contributor or publisher, and occasionally as both, with several magazines. He is, however, chiefly remembered now on account of his Select Collection of Old Plays (12 vols. 8vo, 1780); and his Collection of Poems by several Hands (4 vols. 12mo, 1748). Besides the volume entitled Trifles, another volume of his collected works was published in 1772 under the title of Miscellanies. He died in 1764.-See Knight's Shadows of the Old Booksellers (1865).

DODWELL, EDWARD, 1767-1832; an English antiquarian writer and draughtsman From 1801 to 1806 he traveled in Greece, and spent the rest of his life for the most part in Naples and Rome. He wrote A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, and Views and Descriptions of Cyclopean and Pelasgic Remains in Italy and Greece, the last profusely illustrated. His widow, who was 30 years his junior, became the countess of Spaur, and was conspicuous, not only for beauty, but in the political life of Rome.

DODWELL, HENRY, 1641-1711; a native of Dublin, educated at a free school, and by the death of his parents reduced to great poverty. He became a fellow of Trinity college, and in 1688 was elected Camden professor of history at Oxford; but in 1691, he was deprived of his professorship for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary. The remainder of his life was devoted to literary labors in chronology and ecclesiastical polity, and resulted in a number of valuable works. In religion, he was extreme, at one time promulgating the notion that immortality could be enjoyed only by those who had received baptism at the hands of one set of regularly ordained clergy, and was therefore a privilege from which dissenters were hopelessly excluded; again arguing from Scripture and the early fathers that the soul of man is naturally mortal, and gains continuance by only the special act of God. His son HENRY was the author of Christianity not founded on Argument, to which WILLIAM, another son, published a reply.

DOE, JOHN, the fictitious plaintiff in ejectment, whose services are dispensed with since the abolition of the fiction. See EJECTMENT.

DOESBORGH (Drususburgt), a t. in the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, lies 11 m. e.n.e. from Arnhem, on the right bank of the Yssel. It was formerly fortified, but the walls have been broken down, planted with trees, and formed into pleasant promenades. An intrenched camp has been constructed on the n.e. side, between the Yssel and Old Yssel, which here unitc. The streets are broad, and many of the houses handsome. There are several benevolent institutions, a grammar-school, boarding-school for boys and girls, and good public schools. The trade is considerable. Ship-building, bookprinting, the making of eau de Cologne, preparing mustard, etc., are carried on. Pop. 4484.

DOFFER is that part of a carding-machine which takes the cotton from the cylinder when carded. See CARDING.

DOG, Canis, a genus of digitigrade carnivorous quadrupeds (see DIGITIGRADA; CARNIVORA), which, according to Linnæus, included all now forming the family canida (q.v.), and hyenas. In the genus as now restricted, wolves and jackals are generally included by naturalists, along with those animals to which alone the name dog is popularly applied, and a distinctive character of principal importance is found in the pupil of the eye, which is always round-contracting circularly, whilst in foxes it assumes the form of a section of a lens when contracted. The present article is limited to dogs in the common acceptation of the term, wolves and jackals being the subjects of separate articles; and only remarks relative to dogs in general will here find a place, many of the particular kinds being sufficiently important to be separately noticed.

At the very outset we encounter one of the most perplexing and difficult questions in natural history, as to the number of species of dog, and the origin of the domestic dog; two questions in appearance, but rather one in reality, and one on which the opinions of the most eminent naturalists are very much divided. According to some, all domestic dogs are to be regarded as of one species; and as in the case of some other valuable domestic animals, that species is not certainly known to exist in a truly wild state, all the wild dogs which must be admitted to belong to the same species being viewed as the offspring of domestic dogs which have returned to a wild state, and in which, however, it is supposed that the original type or characteristics of the species, modified by domestication, have in a great measure reappeared. According to others, there are numerous species of dog, originally distinct, which have been domesticated

by the inhabitants of different countries, but which, however, are very nearly related not only in their physical characters but in their dispositions and in some of their principal instincts, and which were capable of intermixing, not perhaps indiscriminately, but within certain limits, and so as to produce new races. By some who hold the first of these opinions, it is further maintained that the wolf and the dog are one species, and that all domestic dogs are derived from the wolf; whilst others advocate the claims of the jackal to be regarded as their original parent and type. By some of those who hold the species to be numerous, it is supposed not improbable that the blood of wolves and of jackals may be mixed in some of the domestic races with that of the original dogs. It is impossible for us to do more than state these different views, and a few of the principal arguments by which they are supported.

It is admitted on all hands, that there is great diversity among the different kinds of domestic dogs, many distinct races having long existed, which differ not only in size and other physical characters, but to a notable extent also in dispositions and instincts; it is further admitted that there appear to be no definite limits to the possible intermixture of these races with each other. So great is the diversity of physical characters, that naturalists of the greatest eminence almost acknowledge themselves incapable of pointing out any that are common to all dogs, and yet distinguish them all from the different species of wolves and jackals; and in fact, the recurved tail, not apparently a character of the first importance, is named by Cuvier himself as the most certain and unvarying specific distinction. The obliquity of the eyes of wolves is also contrasted with the more forward direction of those of dogs, which is accounted for-in favor of the theory of wolfish origin—by the supposition that it results from "the constant habit, for many successive generations, of looking forwards to their master, and obeying his voice."-Bell's British Quadrupeds. This, on the other side, is treated with ridicule; it is certainly a transition from the region of observation and ascertained fact to that of mere theory and conjecture. In size, dogs differ so widely that one is not as large as the head of another; the difference in form of body, head, or limbs, is almost equally great between the Newfoundland dog or the mastiff and the greyhound. The gradations, however, from one form or character to another, render it impossible to draw a fixed limit. In some races of dog, the hind-feet as well as the forefeet have five toes, instead of four, which is more common; but this has not been much insisted on as a ground of specific distinction. Greater value ought perhaps to be attached to the want in some, as the dholes (q.v.) of India, of the second tubercular tooth in the lower jaw; the hairiness of the soles of the feet of some is perhaps also not unimportant; and in favor of the opinion that domestic dogs have originated from an intermixture of several species, it has been urged that the number of teats in the female varies, and that there is sometimes even a difference between the number on one side and on the other, which has never been observed to be the case in wild dogs, and in them the number in the same kind is always uniform. Some of these points, however, have not received the investigation necessary to a confident determination of the measure of importance which ought to be assigned to them.

It seems to have been too hastily taken for granted, in favor of the opinion that there is only one species of dog, that all the wild races, even the dholes and the dingo, have sprung from domestic progenitors. There is certainly no evidence of this; and the fact that wild races exist, exhibiting marked diversities of character, in countries widely remote and of very different climates, is referred to with confidence on the other side, as affording at least a strong presumption in favor of the supposition that man has, in different countries, domesticated the species which he found there. We do not yet know enough of the amount and limits of the changes which circumstances and climate may produce, to warrant any confident conclusions on that ground. And if we were to adopt the views of those who ascribe least to such causes, we might yet demand them to show why, although from certain original types no mixed race can originate, there may not yet be other original types capable of such combination, or why the limits must be held equally impassable between all that were framed by an original act of creation. That there was only one original pair of the human race, may be held, without our of necessity holding that there was only one original pair of dogs. But to this consideration due place has, perhaps, scarcely been given.

That the common fox-or any species of fox-is a parent of any race of dogs, is not the opinion of any naturalist. Some dogs have a somewhat fox-like appearance, and indeed it is now generally admitted that the dog and fox will breed together, but as it has not been proved that the individuals of the cross will breed together, this fact does not warrant the assertion that the dog and fox belong to the same species. Instances of commixture between the dog and wolf have occurred in greater numbers, and without the compulsion of confinement, but in this case, too, the only recognized proof of identity of species-namely, the permanent fertility of the progeny-is wanting.

In favor of the specific identity of the dog and wolf, one of the strongest arguments is drawn from the equality of the period of gestation-63 days. But it may be remarked that an inequality of the period would have afforded a much stronger argument on the other side.

Against the identity of the dog and wolf, the difference of disposition has been strongly urged. In reply, it is shown by well-authenticated instances that the wolf is

very capable of that attachment to man which so remarkably characterizes the dog. There is greater value, perhaps, in the argument of col. Hamilton Smith, that "if domestic dogs were merely wolves modified by the influence of man's wants, surely the curs of Mohammedan states, refused domestic care, and only tolerated in Asiatic cities in the capacity of scavengers, would long since have resumed some of the characters of the wolf.

Buffon's notion, that the shepherd dog is the original type of the whole species, from which all dogs are derived, is merely fanciful, and his endeavor to support it by a comparative view of the different kinds, only exhibits a certain amount of ingenuity.

The shepherd's dog is one of the kinds of dog having greatest development of brain, but it is still greater in the spaniel. The skulls of dogs, however, neither exhibit very marked distinctions when compared with each other, nor when compared with those of wolves and jackals.

It is universally believed that the diversity of color exhibited by many dogs is a result of domestication, as it is neither found in those which may be supposed to exist in a state of original wildness, nor in those wild races which are certainly known to be the progeny of domestic dogs, a return to uniformity of coloring being apparently one of the most speedy consequences of a return to wildness. Black, reddish-brown, and white, the uniform colors observed in wild dogs, are, however, the colors which chiefly appear mixed in domestic races.

Pendulous ears are generally regarded as another result of domestication in dogs, as in rabbits; and it is certain that the wild races known have erect and pointed ears; but no wild race has been discovered at all corresponding to the mastiff in some of its other most notable characters, particularly the shortness of the muzzle, and depth of the chops, and it has therefore been conjectured that this and kindred races may have derived their origin from some wild dog of the interior of Asia, which has not yet come under the notice of any scientific observer.

The dog has been a domestic animal from a very early period. The earliest allusions to it are in the books of Moses, but they indeed correspond with the dislike and contempt still commonly entertained for it by many of the nations of southern Asia. By Homer, however, it is very differently mentioned; and "there is not a modern story of the kind which can surpass the affecting simplicity with which the poor dog's dying recognition of his long-lost master is related by one who wrote, probably, not less than 2,700 years ago." The sculptures of Nineveh, and the hieroglyphics of Egypt, attest the very early domestication of the dog, and the existence of races similar to some of those which exist at the present day; and the high value attached to it by many nations is further attested by the place assigned to it, or its image, as emblematic of the attributes which they ascribed to their gods. We do not now set so high a value on the dog, in consideration of mere usefulness to man, as on some of the other domestic animals; yet to the savage it is perhaps the most important of all, and some have supposed that by its aid the subjugation of other animals may have been first accomplished. Cuvier makes the strong assertion, that the dog "is the most complete, the most singular, and the most useful conquest ever made by man." The dog, far more than any other animal, becomes a humble friend and companion of man, often seeming actually to know and sympathize with the joys and sorrows of his master; and on this account it is, that he is alike "the pampered minion of royalty, and the half-starved partaker of the beggar's crust.'

The uses to which the dog is applied are numerous, and correspond, in some measure, not only with distinct physical characters, but with remarkably distinct instincts of different breeds. Thus, whilst in some countries dogs are chiefly employed as beasts of draught, particularly for drawing sledges in the frozen regions of the north, and in other countries chiefly for the chase, the exquisite scent of some kinds, and the remarkable fleetness of others, variously recommending them for this use, we find them also rendering important services in the care of sheep and other cattle, and endowed with hereditary instincts wonderfully fitted for this purpose, and we find them, with like adaptation of instinct, highly valuable in watching and protecting the abodes and properties of their masters. Not the least interesting of the employments to which the dog has been devoted by man, is that of leading about the blind, which is often done with an intelligent and affectionate solicitude highly worthy of admiration.

Anecdotes illustrating not only the instincts, but the intelligence and affection of dogs, are familiar to every one, and form one of the most pleasing parts of many a book of natural history. Attractive to children, they are worthy of all the consideration which they can receive from the most philosophic mind. Volumes have been filled, and more volumes might easily be filled, with anecdotes well authenticated, and well worthy of preservation.

The dog produces usually from six to ten young ones at a birth. They are born blind, open their eyes about the tenth or twelfth day, attain their full growth in about two years, seldom live more than twelve or fifteen years, and almost never more than twenty.

No satisfactory classification of the different kinds of dog has ever been made. What some naturalists regard as types of species, others pronounce to be mere mongrel varieties. Nor can any principle of arrangement be found in form, roughness or smooth