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Dolabella.

DOG-SHORE. See LAUNCH.

DOG'S-TAIL GRASS, Cynosurus, a genus of grasses having a pretty close spike or ear, each spikelet with two equal glumes and 3 to 5 florets, and beneath each spikelet a comb like bract or involucre. The species, which are not very numerous, are chiefly natives of Europe and Asia. Two are found in Britain, but one only is common and valuable, the CRESTED D. G. (C. cristatus), which forms an important part of almost all good pastures, and is particularly esteemed for sheep pastures and lawns, for the improvement of which it is often sown. Its herbage is fine and close, and its deep roots secure it against droughts, which cause many other grasses to wither; but the herbage is not sufficient in quantity to make it desirable for hay. The comb-shaped bract connected with each spikelet of this common grass is a very interesting and beautiful object. The seeds are small, shining and yellow, whence the name gold-seed sometimes given to this grass by farmers.

DOG-STAR. See SIRIUS.

DOG-WATCH. On shipboard there are two, usually from 4 to 6, and from 6 to 8 P. M. DOGWOOD, or DOGBERRY, the name usually given to some of the arboreous and shrubby species of the genus cornus. See CORNEL. The common D. of Europe (C. sanguinea), a native of Britain and many parts of the continent, and also of the n. of Africa, is a shrub of 4 to 15 ft. in height, with ovate leaves, and terminal cymes of greenish-white flowers, which have an unpleasant odor. The leaves become of an intense dark-red color before they drop off in autumn. The wood makes the very best charcoal for gunpowder. It is very hard, and is made into skewers for butchers and cooks, and into cogs for wheels. The young wood was, in former times, in request for the making of arrows. The fruit, which is small, dark purple, and very bitter, yields an oil said to be equal to that of the olive, and to the amount of 34 per cent of its weight. This oil is used in France for lamps, and for the manufacture of soap. The D. of North America (C. florida) is a small tree, found in the United States, from lat. 43° to Florida, with oval leaves, and small yellowish flowers, which are surrounded by large white roundish bracts. The berries are red, and remain on the tree most of the winter. The flowers appear before the leaves, and their large white bracts are amongst the ornaments of the American woods in spring. The tree attains a height of 20 to 30 ft., with a trunk 8 or 10 in. in diameter. The wood is white, hard, fine-grained, much esteemed and used for inlaying and ornamental work. The bark is very successfully employed in the cure of intermittent fevers. It is also a valuable tonic. It is one of the most valuable medicinal products of North America. The barks of several other North American species of cornus possess similar properties. JAMAICA D. is piscidia erythrina, of the natural order leguminosa, suborder papilionacea, a good timber-tree, with hard and resinous wood, which lasts well either in or out of water; the bark of the root powerfully narcotic, used for stupefying fish, and also for relieving toothache, being applied to the tooth in the form of a saturated tincture, or taken into the stomach as a powerful sudorific.

DOILEY, or DOILY, a small napkin used at table for putting glasses upon during dessert. Some are highly ornamented. The name is said to be derived from the original maker; but more probably it is a modification of the Dutch dwaele, a towel, and was introduced along with the article from Holland.

DOIT, a small copper coin current in Scotland during the reigns of the Stuarts. It was a Dutch coin (duit), and in value the 160th part of a guilder, which, estimated at forty cents, would make the D. equal to the eighth of an English penny, or half a farthing. By some authorities it is said to have been worth only the twelfth of a penny; in reality, it is difficult to say what was its worth, for being imported, like many other coins of the period, from Holland, it would rise and fall in value according to the scarcity of money. The D. must have been common in the early part of the reign of James VI. The kirk-session of Perth (16th April, 1582) "ordains James Sym to give the witch in the tolbooth 8 doits in the day" for subsistence.

DOKKUM, a t. in the Netherlands, province of Friesland, lies 12 m. n.e. from Leeuwarden, on the Ee (pronounced Ay), which cuts it into two irregular parts. Within the town is a broad haven, suited both for sea-going and inland ships. There are several regularly built streets and many neat houses. The trade in flax, cattle, wool, and chickory is extensive. In the Dokkummerdiep, shrimps are largely taken. Shipbuilding, gin-distilling, beer-brewing, carding wool, etc., are principal industries. There are a grammar and other good schools. Pop. about 5000.

DO KOS, a race of blacks in Africa, s. of Abyssinia, almost dwarfs in size. They are in a wild state, and are the favorite prey of slave-stealers.

DOLABEL'LA, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS, b. about 70 B.C.; a Roman gen. of violent and wicked character, often involved in criminal acts, from which he was extricated by Cicero. When 30 years old he drove away his wife Fabia, and married Tullia, Cicero's daughter, against the father's consent. Being heavily in debt he fled from Rome to Caesar's camp, and took part in the battle of Pharsalus. Returning to Rome, he gained immunity from his debts by securing for himself an election as tribune, and his first legislative act was to propose a law canceling all debts. He was so troublesome in Rome that, to remove him, Cæsar made him a gen. in Africa. Dolabella was ambi

tious to be consul, and Cæsar promised him the office; but Antony's opposition delayed the fulfillment, and before it could be arranged, Cæsar was murdered. Dolabella at once seized the insignia of office, made friends with the assassins, and was confirmed in the office which he had usurped. He threw down an altar erected to Cæsar, and crucified those who would offer sacrifices upon it. Antony sent him in command of an expedition against the Parthians, where his cruelty and rapacity added infamy to a name already infamous. He tortured Trebonius at Smyrna for two days to force him to disclose the hiding-place of his treasures, and then murdered him. Hearing of this, the senate outlawed Dolabella, and sent Cassius to take his place. Having no further hope of power, Dolabella caused one of his own soldiers to kill him, 43 B.C.

DOLA BRA, a rude ancient hatchet. They are represented on the columns of Trajan and Antoninus, and abound in all museums. When made of flint, which was their earliest and rudest form, they are usually called celts (q.v.).

DOLCE, an Italian term in music, meaning softly and with tenderness. DOL'CE, LUDOVICO, or LUIGI, 1508-68; an Italian author and a voluminous writer. He translated almost anything and everything from the Greek and Latin, and wrote original works, in all 70 in number. The best known is Marianna, a tragedy from the life of Herod, reproduced in French by Voltaire, and still on the stage. He also wrote the lives of Charles V. and Ferdinand I., other dramas, and miscellaneous works.

DOLCI, CARLO, or CARLINO, a celebrated painter of the Florentine school, was b. at Florence in 1616. He received his first instructions in art from Jacopo Vignali, a pupil of Roselli, and a remarkably skillful teacher. After an uneventful life spent entirely in his native city, D. died Jan. 17, 1686. His works, which consist chiefly of madonnas and saints, exhibit the character attributed to him. The faces are full of a pleasing and tender softness, which, however, is often carried so far as to rob them of all character. D.'s drawing is generally correct, his coloring exquisitely delicate and transparent, and in the nicety and laborious care of his finish he approaches the most characteristic examples of the Dutch school. His works are numerous, and scattered over all Europe. Besides his madonnas, the most famous are his "St. Cecilia, 'Christ Blessing the Bread and Wine," "Herodias with the Head of John the Baptist," and "Christ on the Mount of Olives." See illus., CORREGGIO, ETC., vol. IV.

DOL'CINITES, or DULCINISTS, a sect established in Italy in the 13th c.; they were opposed to the popes, and their doctrines were similar in many respects to those of the spiritual Franciscans. In 1307, Dolcino, the founder of the sect, with some of his followers, was burned at the stake.

DOLDRUMS, a sailor's name for the part of the ocean near the equator, characterized by calms, squalls, and light baffling winds, by which ships are often prevented for weeks from making any real progress. See WIND. The name in this application has given rise to the phrase to be in the doldrums; i.e., to be dull, listless, or bored.

The

DÔLE, a well-built t. of France, in the department of Jura, 28 m. s.e. of Dijon. It is delightfully situated on a vineyard slope rising from the right bank of the river Doubs, and the environs are tastefully laid out in gardens and promenades. principal building is an immense cathedral, named, in honor of the Virgin, Nôtre Dame. The chief manufactures of D. are hosiery, tiles, pottery, chemical products, and beer; there are also iron-smelting furnaces, flour-mills, and some trade in corn, wine, wood, marble, and iron. Pop. '91, (commune) 14,253.

DOLE, NATHAN HASKELL, b. Chelsea, Mass., 1852; graduated at Harvard coll., 1874; has translated, edited, and enlarged Rambaud's Histoire de Russie, and published an original Young Folks' History of Russia, and many translations and works on Russian literature, besides Not Angels Quite, The Hawthorne Tree, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1896), etc.

DOLE, SANFORD BALLARD, jurist; b. of American parents in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1844; educated in the United States and Honolulu; admitted to the bar in Boston, Mass.; judge of the Supreme court of Hawaii in 1887-93; became president of the provisional government on the overthrow of the kingdom in 1893, and president of the federal republic established in 1894.

DOLES AT FUNERALS; these are of great antiquity. St. Chrysostom speaks of them as being given to procure rest to the soul of the deceased. On this ground, as well as on the score of general benevolence, the practice of making gifts to the poor at funerals was common until comparatively recent times; for it was continued, sometimes on a munificent scale, long after the custom of praying for the dead had been abandoned on the introduction of reformed doctrines. Nichols, in his History of Leicestershire, speaking of Strathern in Framland Hundred, observes of this usage: "In 1790, there were 432 inhabitants, the number taken by the last person who carried about bread, which was given for dole at a funeral; a custom formerly common throughout this part of England, though now fallen much into disuse. The practice was sometimes to bequeath it by will; but, whether so specified or not, the ceremony was seldom omitted. On such occasions, a small loaf was sent to every person, without any distinction of age or circumstances, and not to receive it was a mark of particular disrespect." These doles, whether in money or in articles of food and ale, were at one time common not only in England, but in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland; and the custom may be said to have represented, in a simple state of society, that form of benevolence which, in the present

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day, consists of bequests to hospitals and other public charities. By some writers, the custom of making doles at funerals is traced to the sin-offering of the Hebrews. See Brand's Popular Antiquities, edited by Ellis.

DOLET, ÉTIENNE, 1509-46; a French writer and printer, said to have been an illegitimate son of Francis I. In 1537, he obtained a privilege for ten years to print any works of his own or which had received his supervision. His liberality of sentiment was manifest from his press issues, which ranged from the New Testament in Latin to Rabelais in French. This liberality brought upon him the persecution of the Roman Catholic church, and after long watching he was arrested as a relapsed atheist, put to the torture, and burnt to death; the alleged cause being his insertion in Plato's Aarochus of the words "Nothing at all," implying a denial of the immortality of the soul; and yet Plato's book more exactly and positively makes that denial. Dolet was an earnest advocate for the circulation of the Scriptures in the common language of the people.

DOLGELLEY ("dale of hazels"), the capital of Merioneth, North Wales, near the center of the co., and the largest town in it, is situated on the banks of the Wnion, 208 m. n.w. by w. of London. It lies in a rich and picturesque valley, at the foot of Cader Idris, and during the summer months is much frequented by English and foreign tourists. It has manufactures of coarse woolens and flannels. Pop. (1891) 2467.

DOLGORUKY, KATHARINA, PRINCESS, the favorite of the Russian czar, Alexander II., who contracted a morganatic marriage with her in July, 1880, after the death of his wife. After the assassination of the czar she removed to Switzerland, and in 1882 published at Geneva, under the pen-name of Victor Laferté, Alexandre II., Détailes inédites sur sa vie intime et sa mort.

DOL'ICHOS, a genus of plants of the natural order leguminosa, sub-order papilionacea, closely allied to phaseolus (see KIDNEY BEAN), and chiefly distinguished by the extension of the base of the standard so as to embrace the wings of the corolla at their base. The genus includes a considerable number of species, some of them shrubby, some annual, and some perennial herbaceous plants. Some of them have beautiful flowers, and some of the herbaceous species are cultivated on account of their seeds, which afford a kind of pulse; or of their young pods, which, like those of the kidney bean, are boiled for the table. Among these are D. lablab, a native of India and Egypt (which has been made the type of a separate genus, lablab); D. Nankinicus (or lablab Nankinicus) a Chinese species; D. lubia, a native of Egypt; D. sesquipedalis, a native of America; D. soya or soja hispida (the soy bean), D. catiang, and D. uniflorus (horse gram), natives of India; D. sphaerospermus (calavana or black-eyed pea), a native of the West Indies. In the climate of Britain, even the most hardy kinds require the aid of a little artificial heat, and they are reckoned inferior to other kinds of pulse or garden vegetables of easier cultivation. The well-known Chinese sauce or ketchup called soy (q.v.) is made from the soy bean. Allied to D. is the genus canavalia, to which belong the SWORD BEANS of India. C. gladiata, the commonly cultivated species, has pods 2 ft. long. Another allied genius is psophocarpus. The seeds of p. tetragonolobus, formerly D. tetragonolobus, are used in the Mauritius as peas are in America; and its pods and tuberous roots are common Indian esculents. Some species of pachyrhizus, also an allied genus, are remarkable for their tuberous roots, as p. angulatus (formerly D. bulbosus), a native of India, now cultivated in South America and other warm countries, which produces pleasant turnip-like tubers; and P. trilobus, which has tubers 2 ft. long and nearly cylindrical, much used as a boiled vegetable in China and Cochin-China.

DOLICOCEPH'ALIC, long-headed; a designation of human skulls which have the diameter from front to back much greater than the transverse diameter. Such are the heads of certain Australian and West African races. The opposite conformation is called brachycephalic, or short-headed.

DOLINA, a t. of Austrian Galicia, in the circle of Stryi, 60 m. s. from Stryi, on an affluent of the Swica. It has extensive salt-mines. Population of town estimated at 4000.

DOʻLIUM, a genus of gastropod mollusks having shells spirally furrowed, resembling the hoops on a cask. More than a dozen species are found in the warm seas of the east, and seven fossils are known.

DOLL, an imitative baby used as a toy by girls. The word doll is of doubtful derivation; possibly from idol; in French, the name is poupée; in German, puppe, from Lat. pupa, a girl, a doll. The use of dolls dates from the most remote times, and is common in all countries, barbarous as well as civilized, because it springs from that love of nursing and fondling infants which is implanted by nature in the female character. Precisely as a child in a princely mansion in England fondles a finely dressed doll worth a guinea, so does the child of an African or Esquimaux take delight in a piece of wood or bone carved rudely in the form of a baby-in fact, girls in the humbler ranks may sometimes be seen hugging and talking to a bit of stick decorated with a few rags, as if it were a live child. This is not the place to discuss this curious psychological phenomenon; it is enough to say that the love of dolls is a perfectly legitimate feeling, and its exercise helps to cultivate not only tender affections, but taste as regards the making and management of children's dresses. Accordingly, the keeping of a doll becomes a

part of the home education of girls; and is recognized to be so by the universality of the practice.

As in the case of most other toys, dolls were at one time imported into Great Britain chiefly from the Netherlands; and hence not an unusual name for a doll was a Flanders baby. These old Flemish or Dutch dolls were made of wood, with neatly formed faces and flashy dresses, the cheaper kinds having slender wooden legs. Latterly, there have been great improvements in the making of dolls, and in England it has assumed the character of a manufacture; but there are still large importations from the countries on the Rhine, France, and Switzerland. In these continental countries, women and children are mostly engaged in the manufacture. Some carve the heads and bodies, others paint the faces and necks, others prepare legs and arms, and a different class cut out, sew, and put on the dresses. These operations are seldom executed in one manu factory. Usually, dealers buy the fragments so far prepared by villagers, and get them put together in a wholesale way. As the time employed in the preparatory processes is scarcely of any marketable value, the prices of fragments are most insignificant. Hence, as regards all the cheap kinds, with painted faces and ringlets, dolls can be imported at a cost below that at which they could be executed by hand-labor in England. When, however, we come to dolls of a superior kind, with molded wax or composition faces, arms and feet, glass eyes, stuffed bodies, flaxen ringlets, and gauze dresses, the English, by their machinery and capital, carry off the trade. In London there is a considerable number of doll-makers, manufacturing dolls of wax, gutta-percha, india-rubber, etc. In this as in other trades, there is an economic division of labor; there are dolls' headmakers, dolls' leg and arm makers, doll sewers, doll stuffers, dolls' wig-makers, dolls' eye-makers, and doll dressers. For some dresses, remnants of calico, gauze, silk, and other materials, are procured from shops; but for fashionably dressed dolls, much in demand, it is necessary to buy goods on a large scale. The extent to which doll's glasseyes are manufactured appears surprising. Some years ago, in evidence before a committee of the house of commons, a glass-manufacturer at Birmingham stated that he had received, at one time, an order for £500 worth of dolls' eyes. The cheaper dolls' eyes are simply small hollow glass-beads, made of white enamel, and colored with black or blue, but without any attempt at variety or effect; while those eyes of a higher quality have a ring of color to represent the iris. The introduction of wires and mechanism to make the eyes move or wink at pleasure, and also to cause the doll to utter the sounds "papa" and " mamma," have been highly appreciated steps in advance, with a corresponding rise in prices. It is stated in the experience of the trade, that since Victoria came to the throne, blue eyes for dolls have been in the ascendant in England; but that black eyes find the best market on the continent, especially for Spanish dolls. Black dolls are made for export to America, where they are in request by girls of negro parentage, and the introduction of gutta-percha is favorable for this branch of the trade. Composition-heads are usually made of papier mâché, cast in a mold, and waxed and painted to represent the features.

One of the most attractive stalls at the great exhibition in 1851, was that which contained the dolls of Mme. Montanari, a London manufacturer. Referring to this stall, the jury report said: "It consists of a series of dolls, representing all ages, from infancy to womanhood, arranged in several family groups, with suitable and elegant model furniture. These dolls have the hair, eyelashes, and eyelids separately inserted in the wax, and are, in other respects, modeled with life-like truthfulness." Dolls of the ordinary kinds are manufactured in New York and in some New England cities, but a large proportion of those sold in the United States are imported from Germany, where the principal seat of manufacture is Sonneburg in Thuringia, a town in which doll-making employs a majority of the inhabitants. The "talking-dolls,” invented by Edison, in which the phonograph is ingeniously employed, are the latest advance in this branch of manufacture.

DOLLAR is the name of a coin, and the unit in the monetary system of the United States. The origin of the name deserves notice. Dollar is a variety of the Ger. thaler, Low Ger. dahler, Dan. daler; and the word came to signify a coin thus: About the end of the 15th c., the counts of Schlick coined the silver extracted from their mines at Joachims-thal (Joachim's valley) into ounce-pieces, which received the name of Joachims-thaler-the Ger. adjective from the name of the place ("Joachims-dalers," as it were). These coins became a kind of pattern and similar coins made in other places took the name dollar. The American dollar is taken from the old Spanish dollar or piastre, and is only slightly less. It was formerly only of silver; but in 1873 the gold dollar was made the unit of value in the United States and the coinage of the silver dollar was prohibited. It was resumed again in 1878 under the Bland-Allison bill. Since 1837, the silver dollar is required to contain 412 troy grains, the fineness of which is fixed at, i. e., of it is alloy. The average bullion value of the silver dollar in 1873 was $1.004, but since then it has steadily decreased, by reason of the fall in the price of silver, to 52.8 cents during the first 6 months of 1896. The United States gold dollar weighs 25.8 grains or 1.672 grammes and is generally estimated in exchange with Gt. Britain at 4s. 2d. sterling. There have also been coined in silver, half-dollars, quarterdollars, dimes ( dol.), half-dimes ( dol.), and three-cent pieces. The two latter de

nominations have not been coined for a number of years. With regard to these, it was enacted in 1853, that the weight of the half-dollar shall be 192 grains, and that of the others proportional to this; and that such silver coins shall be legal tenders for all sums not exceeding five dollars. The standard gold of the United States is of the same fineness as the silver—namely, f; and of this are coined double-eagles, eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles, of 20, 10, 5, and 24 dollars, besides one-dollar pieces. The dollar or thaler in Germany had various values. That of Prussia, which is most current, is equivalent to seventy-five cents. See MONEY.

DOLLAR, a village in Clackmannanshire, on the right bank of the Devon, 10 m. e.n.e. of Stirling. It lies in a plain under the Ochills (q. v.). D. is noted for its academy, foun led in 1818 under the will of capt. M'Nab, a native of the parish, who bequeathed £30,000 for the purpose. The academy was incorporated by act of parliament in 1847. The minister and kirk-session of D. were the original patrons and governors, but in 1817 the trust was extended so as to include the lord-lieutenant, vice-lieutenant, convener, and sheriff of the county, the principal of the university of Edinburgh, county gentlemen, two members of the presbytery of Stirling, and two representatives appointed by the parliamentary electors of Dollar. Pop. '91, 2000. Coal mines are worked near by, and lead and copper were formerly mined in the Ochills. A mile n. of D. are the fine ruins of castle Campbell, in a wild romantic situation, on the top of a high almost insulated rock, in a hollow in the bosom of the Ochills, amid mountain rivulets and bosky woods. It long belonged to the Argyle family. John Knox is said to have resided in the castle under the protection of Archibald, fourth earl of Argyle, the first Scotch noble to embrace Protestantism publicly.

DOLLART, THE, a gulf of the German ocean, at the mouth of the river Ems, between Hanover and Holland. It is about 10 m. in length by 7 in breadth, and was formed by inundations of the sea, the first of which took place in the latter half of the 13th c., and the last in the 16th century. By these watery inroads a large number of villages were submerged, and thousands of persons perished.

DÖLLINGER, JOHN JOSEPH IGNATIUS VON, one of the most distinguished of Roman Catholic divines of modern Germany, was b. at Bamberg, Feb. 28, 1799. He was educated at Würzburg, where he received holy orders. For a time he was engaged in parochial duties in his native diocese; but having manifested a peculiar fitness for a literary life, he was appointed a professor at Aschaffenburg, whence, in 1826, he was removed to the chair of ecclesiastical history in the newly established university of Munich. From the first he was distinguished as a ready and profound writer. He inaugurated his new professorial career by a work on The Doctrine of the Eucharist during the First Three Centuries, in 1826, and a History of the Reformation, being a continuation of Hertig's Handbook of Church History. He subsequently undertook a new History of the Church (vol. i. 1833, vol. ii. 1835), which was speedily translated into French, and also into English, and was carried down to the 15th c.; with a compendium which came down to the reformation (1836-43). His very learned and suggestive essay on The History, Character, and Influence of Islamism appeared in 1838, and The Reformation, its Internal Development and Effects, in 3 vols., in 1846-48. The design of this work, which consists almost entirely of extracts (connected by a very slight thread of narrative) from the writings of the leading reformers and other contemporary Protestant divines, is to present in the words of the actors in the great religious drama of the 16th c., a picture, doctrinal, moral, social, and political, of the reformation and its results; but as the great body of the authorities (exclusively Protestant) are German, the interest of the work is mainly national.

For a time, D. undertook the chair of dogmatic theology, in which capacity he delivered lectures on "The philosophy of Religion," on "Symbolism," and on "Patristic Literature," none of which, however, have been published. He was a frequent contributor to the Historisch-politische Blätter; he published several pamphlets on subjects of occasional interest; and was one of the chief contributors to the Catholic cyclopædia, entitled Kirchen-Lexicon, in which his articles on Luther, on Bossuet, and on Duns Scotus attracted much attention. In the politico-religious movement of 1846-47, D. was elected to represent the university of Munich in the Bavarian chamber; but being deprived of his professorship, he became disqualified to sit in the chamber. In the parliament of Frankfort, in 1848, he was recognized as the leader of the Catholic party. Most of the measures of importance bearing on the relations of church and state which (however ineffectively) were originated in that assembly were prepared or suggested by him. In 1849, he was restored to his professorship at Munich, and also to his place in the Bavarian chamber, which he held till 1852. After that year, he devoted himself entirely to theological literature. His work entitled Hippolytus und Kallistus (1853) is a masterpiece of patristic criticism; and his Heathenism and Judaism, the Vestibule of the History of Christianity, is a most masterly survey of the religious, moral, and social condition of the world at the advent of our Lord. It was quickly followed by The First Ages of Christianity, to which it had been designed as an introduction. During the early discussions on Italian unity, D. delivered an address at Munich, which was repreBented as hostile to the temporal sovereignty of the pope. In order to explain his real