of Pantheon, Rome. 3. Of dome of the Sorbonne, Paris. 4. Of dome of the Pantheon, 9. Dome from the was of a more limited kind than elsewhere, the laws of England, up to the period of the Norman conquest, were administered in the vernacular speech of the people. Alfred's peculiarly Christian character is strongly impressed on his code, which begins with extracts from the Bible, The Lord spake all these words, saying, I am the Lord thy God." Then follow the ten commandments, the part of the Mosaic law relating to criminal offenses, and passages from the New Testament, including the golden rule. Yet it should be observed, that these extracts prove not the ecclesiastical, but only the scriptural character of the dom-boc. The code was ratified by the Witan, as Alfred expressly informs us. In addition to Dr. Pauli's life of Alfred, now pub lished in two English translations, the reader is referred, for information on this sub ject, to Thorpe's Introduction to Alfred's Laws, in the Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, i. p. 58. DOMBROW ́SKI (properly DĄBROWSKI), JAN HENRYK, a distinguished Polish gen., was b. 29th Aug., 1755, at Pierszowice, in the district of Cracow. He entered the ser vice of the elector of Saxony in 1770; but in 1792, on the first symptoms of the insurrection in Poland, proceeded to Warsaw. He took part in the Polish campaigns against Russia and Prussia, and exhibited such remarkable military talent, that on the termination of hostilities, Suwarrow offered him employment in the Russian service, and Prussia made him a similar offer. Both were refused, and D. went to France, where, in 1796, he was commissioned by the directory to form a Polish legion among his exiled countrymen, of which he was appointed commander. The legion brilliantly distinguished itself in the Italian campaign. While in Rome, the admirable discipline which D. preserved among his troops, raised him so high in the estimation of the senate, that it presented him with the standards which his great countryman Sobieski had taken from the Turks, when he compelled them to raise the siege of Vienna, and which he had sent to the church of San Loretto. In the campaign of 1799-1800, D. gave splendid proofs of his courage. After the peace of Amiens, D. became a gen. of division in the service of the Cisalpine republic; and after the battle of Jena, along with Wybicki, he was ordered by Napoleon (1806) to summon his countrymen to arms. His entrance into Warsaw, at the head of 12 Polish divisions, resembled a classical "triumph." At Dirschau and Friedland, he won fresh laurels. In the fatal Russian campaign of 1812, he commanded one of the three divisions of the fifth corps d'armée, and at the passage of the Beresina, saved from destruction the relics of Poniatowski's corps. In 1813, at the head of his Poles, he took an honorable part in the battles of Teltow, Grossbeeren, Jüterbogk, and Leipsic. After the fall of Napoleon, D. returned to Poland, and in 1815 was appointed by the emperor Alexander a gen. of cavalry and Polish senator; but in the following year he withdrew from public employment to his estate in the duchy of Posen. He died 6th June, 1818. DOME (Ital. duomo). Though often used synonymously with cupola (q.v.), a dome, in the stricter sense which it has obtained in the languages of northern Europe, signifies the external part of the spherical or polygonal roof, of which the cupola (cupo, or cup) is the internal part. In Italian usage, however, it has a wider signification than even the first, being used to denote the cathedral or chief church of a town, the house (domus) par excellence, or house of God. The cause of the name of the building being thus applied to the form of the roof which covered it, arose from the fact, that the chief churches of Italy were at one period almost universally so roofed. In tracing the historical origin of the D., we are usually in the habit of regarding it as originating with the architecture of the eastern empire, because it was at Constantinople and in the Byzantine provinces that it was first employed in ecclesiastical structures. But it was the Romans who, in reality, were the inventors of the D., as of all the other applications of the semicircular arch. Of their success in applying it to large buildings, we have abundant proof in the ancient domes still to be seen in Rome and its neighborhood. The D. of the Pantheon is still probably the most magnificent D. in existence, and others of smaller size are to be seen in the temples of Bacchus, Vesta, Romulus, Hercules, etc. "From Rome it went to Constantinople, and from the same source, also, came the few insignificant attempts at domes in the western empire."-Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture, ii. 943. The peculiar form of the D. of the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, which became the typical Christian structure of the kind, will be found fully described in the article BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE. See PANTHEON. The D. of San Vitale, at Ravenna (q.v.), is said to be still more ancient than that of San Sophia, and is a very remarkable structure of the same class. On the church of St. Marco, at Venice, there are no less than five domes, the center one, as is usual, being much larger than the others. The interior of these domes is covered with mosaic (q.v.). So far from being peculiar to the few churches we have mentioned, domes occur in the churches of almost every town along the western shore of the Adriatic, and form, in fact, the chief architectural feature of this side of Italy. The construction of domes in modern times was revived in Rome, by the building of that of Our Lady of Loretto in 1507. But the three most celebrated modern domes are those of St. Peter's (q.v.) at Rome, of St. Paul's (q.v.) in London, and of the Pantheon (q.v.) in Paris. A very complete article on domes, which has been condensed in the Penny Cyclopædia, will be found in the Encyclopédie Méthod ique, under "Architecture." The following are the dimensions of some of the most important existing domes : Pantheon at Rome.. Baths of Caracalla, Rome. St. Sophia, Constantinople. St. Maria delle Fiore.. St. Peter's, Rome.. St. Paul's, London St. Généviève, Paris. Feet diam. Feet high. In modern times, domes have been constructed with iron of still larger dimensions. Thus, that of the great exhibition in Vienna was 360 ft. in width, and that of the Al bert memorial hall in London, which is oval, measures 219 by 185 ft. in diameter. The D. of the capitol at Washington (see adjoining illus., fig. 1) is composed of two shells, and is the most imposing structure of the kind in the U. S. Its external diameter is 135 ft. and its height above the roof of the main building 241 ft. The interior diameter is 96 ft., the height 55 ft., and the height from floor to ceiling, 220 ft. The D. of the state-house in Boston is 50 ft. in diameter and 30 ft. high. In Russia domes commonly have a bulbous shape. The Isaac's Church in St. Petersburg has a central D. of Byzantine form, with a diameter of 87 ft. 4 ins., and a height of 275 ft. above the floor, exclusive of the lantern, which is 52 ft. in height. This central D., which is of iron covered with copper, is surrounded by 4 smaller domes-one on each corner of the church. The larg est domes constructed on the horizontal principle are those of the so-called treasury of Atreus at Mycenæ, 48 ft. 6 ins. in diameter; and of the tomb of Minyas at Orchomenos. In these, the shape adopted was that of a regular equilateral pointed arch, and the method of construction, the placing of huge stones in horizontal layers, a beehive shape being obtained by the projection of one layer beyond the other, and the structure being held together simply by the superincumbent mass of earth. This Pelasgian form was introduced into India. For a class of ancient dome-roofed structures see BEEHIVE HOUSE. DOMENICHINO, properly DOMENICO ZAMPIERI, a celebrated painter of the Bolognese school, was b. at Bologna in 1581, and d. at Rome in 1641. At an early age he began art study under Dionysius Calvaert, but the arbitrary methods of that teacher led to his withdrawal, and he entered the academy of the Carracci. He very soon was the successful competitor for a prize, and this unexpected triumph incited him to more determined efforts. On leaving this academy he repaired with Albani, a fellow-student, to Parma, Modena, and Reggio, for the purpose of studying the works of Correggio and Parmigiano. He then followed his friend to Rome, where Cardinal Agucchi became his first patron. D. made the acquaintance of Annibale Carracci, and on the recommendation of the latter was engaged, together with Guido, to paint the frescoes in San Gregorio. Cardinals Borghese, Farnese, and Aldobrandini employed him, and for the last named D. painted a series of frescoes representing scenes from the life of Apollo. His noted work, "The Communion of St. Jerome," now in the Vatican, was painted soon after, but the praise bestowed upon it increased the animosity of some of his rivals to such an extent that D. returned to Bologna. After a few years he was called back by pope Gregory XV., and was appointed principal painter and architect to the pontifical palace. D.'s frescoes are distinguished by correctness of design, soft delicacy, and freshness of color. The heads of his figures, in particular, are remarkable for expressive force. Of his more important works, the greater number in Italy are in Rome and Florence. Out of Italy, the Louvre possesses the largest number. Several are to be seen in the National and Bridgewater galleries in London. DOMESDAY BOOK, or DOOMSDAY BOOK, the name of one of the oldest and most valuable records of England, containing the results of a statistical survey of that country made by William the Conqueror, and completed in the year 1086. The origin of the name-which seems to have been given to other records of the same kind-is somewhat uncertain; but it has obvious reference to the supreme authority of the book in doom or judgment on the matters contained in it. It was anciently known by several other names, such as the Liber de Wintonia, or Book of Winchester; and the Rotulus Wintoniæ, or Roll of Winchester, because it was at one time preserved in the royal treasury in that city; the Liber Regis, or the King's Book; the Scriptura Thesauri Regis, or Record of the King's Treasury (where it was long kept, together with the king's seal, under three locks and keys); the Liber Censualis Angliæ, or Rate-book of England. The way in which the survey was made will be best described in the words of the contemporary writer in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. After relating how, in the year 1085, England was threatened with invasion from Denmark and Flanders, and how king William prepared for its defense by laying waste the sea-shores, and by raising the largest army that had ever been seen in the island, "billeting the soldiers upon his subjects, every man according to the land which he possessed," the annalist goes on to say that at midwinter, when the king was at Gloucester, "he had a great consultation, and spoke very deeply with his witan [i.e., great council or parliament] concerning this land, how it was held, and what were its tenantry. He then sent his men all over England, into every shire, and caused them to ascertain how many hundred hydes of land it contained, and what lands the king had in it, what cattle there were in the several coun ties, and how much revenue he ought to get yearly from each. He also caused them to write down how much land belonged to his archbishops, to his bishops, his abbots, and his earls, and that I may be brief-what property every inhabitant of all England possessed in land or in cattle, and how much money this was worth. So very straitly did he cause the survey to be made, that there was not a single hyde, nor a yardland of ground, nor-it is shameful to say what he thought no shame to do-was there an ox, or a cow, or a pig passed by, and that was not set down in the accounts, and then all these writings were brought to him." The survey was made by commissioners called the king's justiciaries, who seem to have had the help of the chief men of every shire. By a sworn assize or jury of the sheriffs, lords of manors, presbyters of churches, reeves [i.e., grieves or overseers] of hundreds, bailiffs, and six villeins [i.e., tenants at will] of every village, they made inquest as to the name of the place; who held it in the time of king Edward (1041-66); who was its present possessor; how many hydes there were in the manor; how many homagers or vassals; how many villeins; how many cottars; how many serfs; what plowgates in demesne [i.e., reserved in the lord's own hand]; how many freemen; how many tenants in socage [i.e., tenants by hereditary right]; how much wood; how much meadow and pasture; what mills and fish-ponds; how much had been added or taken away; what was the gross value in king Edward's time; what was the present value; and how much each free-man or soc-man has or had. Of all this there was to be a threefold return or valuation: 1. As the land was held in king Edward's days; As it had been given by king William; 3. As it stood at the time when the survey was made; and the jurors were to say further whether the value could now be raised. The returns thus gathered in the several shires, and their hundreds and other subdivisions, were arranged and digested in the record which is now called the Great or Exchequer Domesday. The enumeration of the cattle and swine, which so moved the indignation of the Anglo-Saxon chronicler, was omitted from the record, doubtless because the live-stock was altering every month and year, so that an account of its numbers in any one year could not be of permanent importance; but that the enumeration was made, is proved by the records called Little Domesday and the Exon Domesday. These are believed to be transcripts of the original rolls or returns made by the conqueror's commissioners for the counties of Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall; and they set forth the number of horses, oxen, sheep, goats, and pigs, together with some other details left out in the compilation of the Great Domesday. The taxes were levied according to the divisions of the country given in the D. B., until 1522, when a new survey, popularly called the New D. B., was made. The mere statement which has been made of its contents, is enough to show the immense value of D. B. for all purposes of inquiry into the ancient condition of England. "It will ever," says Dr. Lappenberg, "be found an inexhaustible source of information respecting the Anglo-Saxon and Norman constitutions, particu larly the rights and revenues of the kings and their vassals, the relations of cities and towns, statistic accounts of various kinds, families and their landed members, together with innumerable matters highly interesting to inquiring posterity, but unnoticed by the chroniclers of those times, either as too well known or as worthless. An intimate acquaintNo other country of Europe ance with Domesday should supply the basis of every historical account of England, particularly of its special history during the middle age.' can show such a work. It was fit, therefore, that it should have been the first great English record published at the national cost. It appeared in 1783 in two folios, being printed with types cast for the purpose, so as to represent the contractions of the original manuscript, and having been ten years in passing through the press. In 1816, two supplementary volumes were published, the one containing an excellent general introduction, by sir Henry Ellis of the British museum, with indices of the names of places and of the tenants in chief mentioned in the work; the other containing four other records of the same nature: 1. The Exon Domesday, already mentioned; 2. The Inquisitio Eliensis, a record closely resembling the Exeter Domesday, containing the survey of the lands of the monastery of Ely, in the counties of Cambridge, Hertford, Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Huntingdon; 3. The Winton Domesday, containing two surveys of the city of Winchester, one made between 1107 and 1128, the other in 1148; and, 4. The Boldon Book, a survey of the possessions of the see of Durham, made in 1183. This last work is especially valuable, as partially supplying a deficiency in the survey for D. B., which did not extend to the counties of Durham, Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, either, it would seem, because they had been lately laid waste by the conqueror, or because his dominion was not fully established in them. A new and better edition of the Boldon Book was issued in 1852 by the Surtees society, which, in 1857, printed Bishop Hatfield's Survey, another record of the possessions of the see of Durham, compiled between 1345 and 1381. A new and enlarged edition of sir Henry Ellis's General Introduction to Domesday Book, was published in 1833, in 2 vols. 8vo. See also Stubbs' Select Charters, and Freeman's Norman Conquest (vol. v., 1876). In 1861, a fac-simile copy of that part of D. B. which relates to Cornwall, was published by the ordnance survey, as an example of what can be done by the new process of engraving called photozincography. This experiment proving successful, government has gone on publishing the rest of the D. B., county by county, in the same way. |