Ethnology. decease, which concludes as follows: "The doctrine of the original diversity of mankind unfolds itself to me more and more with the distinctness of revelation." His views upon this and other points of dispute among ethnologists have been since embodied in a remarkable work, entitled Types of Mankind; or, Ethnological Researches based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History: illustrated by selec tions from the inedited papers of S. G. Morton, M.D., and by additional contributions from Prof. L. Agassiz, W. Úsher, M.D., and Prof. H. S. Patterson. By J. C. Nott, M.D., and G. R. Gliddon (Philadelphia, 1854). In this composite work, perhaps the most remark. able feature is the paper contributed by the celebrated naturalist, Prof. Agassiz, in support of Dr. Morton's theory as to the original diversity of the human races.

The paper by Agassiz is entitled, Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World, and their Relation to the Different Types of Man. It was drawn up by the writer from a conviction that much might be gained in the study of ethnography by observing the natural relations between the different races of man and the plants and animals inhabiting the same regions. The sketch given by him is intended to show, that "the boundaries within which the different natural combinations of animals are known to be circumscribed upon the surface of our earth coincide with the natural range of distinct types of man. Such natural combinations of animals circumscribed within definite boundaries are called Fauna, whatever be their home-land, sea, or water." There are eight regions of the earth, according to Agassiz, each containing its own fauna, and its own peculiar type of man; and his main conclusion from a consideration of these several faunæ is as follows: "That the diversity among animals is a fact determined by the will of the Creator, and their geographical distribution part of the general plan which unites all organized beings into one great organic conception; whence it follows that what are called human races, down to their specialization as nations, are distinct primordial forms of the type of man.' Messrs. Nott and Gliddon, in their work quoted, appeal triumphantly to this theory of Agassiz in support of their view as to the primitive diversity of the races of mankind; and in a subsequent work, Indigenous Races of the Earth (Philadelphia, 1857), have inserted a further communication from the writer, in which, while he reiterates his formerly expressed opinion, that the races of man, so far as concerns their geographical distribution, are subject to the same circumscription as the other members of the animal kingdom, he observes: “Even if this fact stood isolated, it would show how intimately the plan of the animal creation is linked with that of mankind. But this is not all. There are other features, occurring among animals, which require the most careful consideration, inasmuch as they bear precisely upon the question at issue, whether mankind originated from one stock or from several stocks, or by nations. These features, well known to every zoologist, have led to as conflicting views respecting the unity or plurality of certain types of animals as are prevailing respecting the unity or plurality of the origin of the human races. The controversy which has been carried on among zoologists upon this point, shows that the difficulties respecting the races of men are not peculiar to the question of man, but involve the investigation of the whole animal kingdom-though, strange as it may appear, they have always been considered without the least reference to one another."

This theory of Agassiz, it must be stated, is very generally controverted, as likewise the opinions generally of Dr. Morton and the American school of E., partly on biblical, but chiefly on scientific grounds. Indeed, from the conflict of opinions as to the origin of the human race, if the solution of this question were the sole object of anthropology, the science might be said to be in a very unsatisfactory state. But this is not the case. The question at issue is one that may well be left in abeyance for the present. Without it, the field of inquiry is sufficiently wide, and is well cultivated by skilled laborers, who continually bring the product of their researches in physiology, geography, archæology, and comparative philology to enrich and fructify the newly turned-up soil.

Subjoined is a tabular view of the different races of mankind, according to the useful, if not absolutely perfect classification of Dr. Latham: (many prefer Huxley's).

I. MONGOLIDÆ.

Physical Characteristics.-Face broad and flat; frontal profile retiring or depressed; maxillary profile moderately prognathic or projecting, rarely orthognatic; eyes often oblique; skin rarely a true white, rarely a jet-black; irides generally dark; hair straight, and lank, and black, rarely light-colored, sometimes curly, rarely woolly. Languages— aptotic and agglutinate, rarely with a true amalgamate inflection. See PALEOGRAPHY; PHILOLOGY. Distribution-Asia, Polynesia, America. Influence upon the history of the world, material rather than moral.

A. ALTAIC MONGOLIDE.-1. Seriform stock, embracing Chinese, Thibetans, Anamesė, Siamese, Kambojians, Burmese, the Môn, and numerous unplaced tribes. 2. Turanian stock, embracing the Mongolian branch, the Tungusian branch, the Turk branch, and the Ugrian branch.

B. DIOSCURIAN MONGOLIDE.-1. Georgians. 2. Lesgians. 3. Mizjeji. 4. Irôn. 5. Circassians.

C. OCEANIC MONGOLIDE.-1. Amphinesian stock, embracing Protonesians, Polyne.

slans, Malegasi (?). 2. Kelanonesian stock, embracing the natives of New Guinea, New Ireland, Solomon's Isles, Louisade, New Caledonia, Australia, and Tasmania.

D. HYPERBOREAN MONGOLIDE.-1. Samöeids. 2. Yeniseians. 3. Yukahiri. E. PENINSULA MONGOLIDE.—1. Koreans. 2. Japanese. 3. The Ainos. 4. Koriaks. 5. Kamskadales.

F. AMERICAN MONGOLIDA.-Embracing the various native tribes of North and South America. 2. Pulinda. 3. Brahui. 4. Indo-Gangetic.

G. INDIAN MONGOLIDE.-1. Tamul.

5. Purbutti. 6. Cashmirian. 7. Cingalese. 8. Maldivian.

II. ATLANTIDE.

Physical Characteristics.-Maxillary profile projecting; nasal, generally flat; frontal, retiring; cranium, dolichocephalic; the parietal diameter being generally narrow; eyes rarely oblique; skin often jet-black, very rarely approaching a pure white; hair crisp, woolly, rarely straight, still more rarely light-colored. Languages, with an agglutinate, rarely an amalgamate inflection. Distribution, Africa. Influence on the history of the world, inconsiderable.

A. NEGRO ATLANTIDE.-Embracing various negro tribes.

B. KAFFRE ATLANTIDE.-Kaffre tribes, etc.

C. HOTTENTOT ATLANTIDE.-1. Hottentots. 2. Saabs. 3. Dammaras.

D. NILOTIC ATLANTIDE.-1.

Bishari. 5. M'Kuafi, etc.

E. AMAZIRGH ATLANTIDÆ.

F. EGYPTIAN ATLANTIDE.

Gallas. 2. Agows and Falasha. 3. Nubians. 4.

3. Babylonians.

4. Beni

G. SEMITIC ATLANTIDE.-1. Syrians. 2. Assyrians. Terah (Edomites, Jews, Samaritans, etc.). 5. Arabs. 6. Ethiopians. 7. Canaanites,

etc.

III. JAPETIDÆ,

Physical Characteristics.-Maxillary profile but little projecting; nasal often prominent; frontal sometimes nearly vertical; face rarely very flat, moderately broad; skull generally dolichocephalic; eyes rarely oblique; skin white or brunette; hair never woolly, often light-colored; irides black, blue, gray. Languages, with amalgamate inflections, or else anaptotic; rarely agglutinate, never aptotic. Distribution, Europe. Influence on the history of the world, greater than that of either the Mongolidæ or the Atlantidæ, moral as well as material.

A. OCCIDENTAL JAPETIDÆ.-Kelts.

B. INDO-GERMANIC JAPETIDE.-1._ European class, embracing Goths, Teutons (Moso-Goths, High and Low Germans, Franks), Scandinavians, Sarmatians, Slavonians (Russians, Servians, Illyrians, Bohemians, Poles, Serbs), Mediterranean Indo-Germans (Hellenic branch, Italian branch). 2. Iranian class, embracing Persians, Kurds, Beluchi, Patans (Afghans), Tajiks, Siaposh, Lugmani, Dardoh, Wokhan. 3. Unplaced stocks, Armenians, Iberians, Albanians. 4. Extinct stocks, Pelasgi, Etruscans, populations of Asia Minor.

ETHYL (symbol, C2Hs) is the radical which forms the starting-point of the family group, of which ordinary ether and alcohol are members.

Ethyl has not been prepared in the free state, but a polymeric body called diethyl, C2Hs · C2Hs or C4H10, is formed by acting upon iodide of ethyl by granulated zinc, when it is liberated as a colorless, inflammable gas, of an agreeable odor, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol.

ETHYLAMINE' is a substance strongly resembling ordinary ammonia or hartshorn in odor and other properties. It is found in coal-tar, in the oil obtained during the destructive distillation of bones, in the gases evolved during putrefaction, and may be produced by certain complicated chemical processes. E. is a mobile liquid of specific gravity 696 (water = 1000), and boils at 66° F. (18.9° C.). It has a strong ammoniacal odor, has an alkaline action with coloring matters, forms white fumes with strong acids, and in composition is analogous to gaseous ammonia, NH, or NHHH, with one of the atoms of hydrogen replaced by ethyl, C2Hs, and is represented by the symbol C2H. NH2. Like ammonia, it forms salts with acids.

ETHYLENE, ETHENE, or BICARBURETED HYDROGEN. See OLEFIANT GAS. ÉTIENNE, ST., an important manufacturing t. of France, in the department of Loire, is situated or both banks of the Furens, an affluent of the Loire, in the center of a valuable and extensive coal-field, 30 m. s.s. w. of Lyons by rail, and about 288 m. s.s.e. of Paris. It is surrounded by coal-mines, is seated upon coal-deposits, and has galleries driven even beneath its streets. The stream on which the town is built furnishes invaluable water-power to move its machinery, and its waters are also of great use for tempering iron and steel. The old town of St. E. is badly built, and the new town, which has sprung up very quickly, is destitute of architectural harmony. The newer