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In 1872, government ordered a general return of owners of lands, to be prepared by the local government board. This new "Domesday Book" was published in 1874–76.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS are those which, in order to turn them to his use, man has tamed or reduced in a greater or less measure from their natural wildness, and which he makes the objects of his care, and in a living state his property. Many animals are useful to man, which he has never thus appropriated. Such are the deer and other game which the hunter pursues, and fishes generally, whether of the sea, lake, or river. Man has not yet found it possible to domesticate them, or has not found it necessary or desirable to do so. Individuals, indeed, of some species may have been domesticated, and become very tame, but these are exceptional instances. In general, those only are called domestic animals which have existed from one generation to another in a state of domestication. Of almost all of them, domesticated races exist, considerably different from any that are now found in a state of nature; the peculiar circumstances in which they are placed by domestication exercising a modifying influence, like that of cultivation in plants. Domestic animals mostly belong to the classes of mammals and birds. Of mammals, those which have been domesticated are exclusively of the common quadruped form, and mostly herbivorous. The greatest number, and these among the most important, belong to the order of ruminants; some of them being valuable for their flesh, their milk, their hair or wool, their hide, etc., or as beasts of burden and of draught, some even on all these accounts. To this order belong the ox, buffalo, and yak, the sheep, the goat, the reindeer, the camel, and the llama and alpaca. Of other herbivorous quadrupeds, the most important are the horse and ass, the elephant and the hog. Of the elephant, however, although for many ages it has been much employed for various purposes in India, no domesticated race exists; the individuals which man reduces to his service being still taken as at first from among the wild denizens of the forest. Domesticated races exist of two comparatively unimportant quadrupeds of the order of rodents, the rabbit and the cavy or Guinea-pig.-Of carnivorous quadrupeds, there are only two which have been generally and thoroughly domesticated, the dog and the cat. The uses to which these animals are destined are very different from those in order to which herbivorous quadrupeds are kept in a domestic state. Analogous to one of the uses of the dog is that to which the cheetah or hunting-leopard is applied by some of the princes of India, but, like the elephant, it is only individually domesticated. The same remark may be made concerning some other animals-the otter, the civet, etc.-which in different countries are tamed or kept in confinement to meet certain purposes for which man finds it convenient to employ them. The domestication of the ferret is rather more complete.-Of birds, the most important domestic species belong to the gallinaceous order, and to the family anatida among web-footed birds. To the former belong the common domestic fowl, the turkey, the peacock, the Guinea-fowl, etc.; to the latter, the goose, duck, etc. Of other birds, none can be said to be truly domesticated, except, perhaps, one or two species of song. birds, particularly the canary. The birds used in falconry are domesticated only in the same sense as the cheetah; but it is not uninteresting to observe that man has been able to make both birds and beasts of prey his servants.-Reptiles are quite capable of being tamed, and in some countries some of them are occasionally kept in houses for killing flies, or even for killing mice and rats; but none of them can be enumerated among domestic animals. Nor, perhaps, can any species of fish be so regarded, although arti ficial ponds have long been in use, and some species of fresh-water fish are to a certain extent the objects of care and of a kind of culture on the part of man.-In the lower divisions of the animal kingdom, only a few species ever receive such culture, or in their living state are claimed by man as his property. All these belong to the class of insects-viz., two or three species of bee, two or three species of silk-worm moth, and two or three species of cochineal insect. These may perhaps more fitly be described as cultivated than as domesticated. See DOMESTICATION.

Many animals not yet domesticated might probably be added with advantage to the number of domestic animals. Adaptation to particular climates and situations might probably be found to recommend species allied to those in which great part of the wealth of mankind has long consisted, and from which still more of it has been derived. It is not impossible, also, that as the waste places of the world become peopled, animals already becoming scarce may be advantageously domesticated on account of their fur or other products for which they are now pursued by the hunter.-The principal domestic animals, however, of the present day have been domestic animals, and highly valued as such, from time immemorial. We have no record of the domestication of the ox, the horse, the camel, the dog, etc. Even the llama and alpaca, although known only to the inhabitants of the Andes and adjacent regions, were found in a state of domestication there when South America was first visited by Europeans, and their subjection to man is probably to be referred to the earliest periods of Peruvian civilization. The limitation of some domestic animals to particular countries and climates of which we have notable instances in the camel of the Asiatic deserts, the reindeer of the arctic regions, the yak of the steep and snow-clad Himalaya, the buffalo of tropical marshes, and the South American quadrupeds just mentioned-forbid us to suppose that all the important domestic animals were domesticated by the same people and at the same

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period, or that they have all spread in a state of domestication from a common center or source. Yet there are many circumstances which point to the same Asiatic region as that in which the greater number of them were first domesticated, which is commonly regarded as the cradle of the arts and sciences, and even of the human race.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. The external forms and internal arrangements of the domestic abodes of a people are far more influenced by their manners, habits, and occupations, and by the climate in which they live, than their ecclesiastical edifices and public buildings; and there is, consequently, no department of architecture which is so varied and national as domestic architecture. But not only are the circumstances of each country different in this respect-the same is the case with every department of each country, with every town in each department, with every street in each town; and a D. A. which fulfills its object, will not only adapt itself to the necessities, but will make the best, in point of artistic effect, of the specialties of every case with which it is called upon to deal. The circumstances of families, and even the tastes and fancies of individuals, are legitimate subjects of consideration in domestic architecture. To attempt to give to D. A. the beauty of uniformity, is consequently to mistake both its object and the source from which its charm is derived. When attained at all, uniformity is attained not in accordance with, but in defiance of, the utilitarian objects of domestic architecture. The results of this artistic falsehood may be seen in the monotonous and meaningless streets and squares that have been built in all our principal towns during the last eighty years. The legitimate charm of D. A., because the only one which can arise from the complete fulfillment of its object, is the charm of variety. It is the charm which our ancestors sought during the whole of the great architectural period of the middle ages, and which our architects, who in this, as in so many other respects, are returning to their principles, are now beginning to cultivate. But here, as in all similar cases, it must be borne in mind that, in general, it is the principle alone that can be revived, and that the details by which it was carried out can be legitimately copied only in the exceptional cases in which circumstances and the objects to be attained remain unchanged. The position of an American in the 19th differs in many respects from that of an Englishman in the 14th c.; and to construct for the former a house in all respects resembling that which was constructed for the latter, would be to commit an error the same in kind as if we had sought for either of them a model dwelling in Pompeii or Canton.

In no country in the world, probably, are dwellings so comfortable, so picturesque, and so well adapted to the climate as in the United States, the abundance of material, especially of wood, allowing the architect great latitude. Although no strictly original style of architecture can be evolved, certain distinctive features, such as the broad piazza, have become fixed, and the Greek temple and the Gothic castle having been discarded as unsuitable models, a pleasing regard to the history of localities is now shown, such as the return to colonial types in the Atlantic states, and to Spanish in Florida and California.

DOMESTICATION, the modification of animals by deliberate human interference with their food and surroundings, with the work or functions they perform, but especially with their breeding. The influence of man on animals extends, however, far beyond those usually regarded as domesticated, and it is not possible to draw a perfectly hard-andfast boundary line. Man has exterminated some animals-e.g. birds, and propagated others-e.g. fishes; he has made many become rare, shy, and cunning, while others-e.g. crickets, find shelter in his dwellings; he has kept some captive, like the fish in the pond; tamed others individually for his service, like falcons and cheetahs; he has preserved some artificially from their enemies, because of their rarity, and others because of their utility, but without in any of these cases much modifying them. None of these are in the strict sense domesticated. It is only when a distinct breed has been produced by human interference-in most cases, deliberately by artificial selection-that we are justified in calling the result D. Strictly" domesticated animals" correspond to strictly "cultivated plants," in both cases, the organisms have been modified, more or less fixedly, from their natural or wild state, by changes in food, environment, function, and breeding.

D. began long before the dawn of history (see AGRICULTURE; ANTHROPOLOGY; DOG). The domestic animals are discussed under separate articles, but a list of representative forms may be given here. Among lower animals, silk-moths (see SILK) and hive bees (q.v.) have been for long controlled, and, to a limited extent, modified. Among fishes, goldfish (q.v.) may certainly be regarded as domesticated for decorative purposes. Birds include many illustrations of D.-pigeons, fowls, ducks, geese, peacocks, turkeys, guineafowls, canary-birds, etc. Among mammals, dogs and cats, horses and asses, cattle, sheep, and goats, elephants, camels, reindeer, pigs and rabbits, etc., have been domesticated, and have given rise to many different breeds. The complete list is not a long one, though it will probably be increased. To admit of D., animals must generally be social and docile in their habits, and must be capable of retaining fertility under changed conditions. The process of D., as far as deliberate control is concerned, is for the most part equiv alent to selective breeding. Forms with useful varieties are isolated from the mass, and allowed to breed together, the most desirable results are again selected for breeding, and so on, till a domesticated breed of the same animal is established (see BREED). Different

Domicile.

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breeds differ from natural species in being usually mutually fertile. In other words, while two domestic races may be externally more different than are two nearly related species in nature, the reproductive elements in the first case cannot differ as they must do in the second. Thus crossing is usually successful between domestic breeds; only rarely between adjacent natural species. When we pass beyond selective breeding to inquire into the conditions of variation, a much more difficult problem is raised. In regard to some changes which crop up in domestic animals, we cannot do more at present than refer them to variations in the unstable germ-cells, and to the intermingling of sexual reproduction. Where the intercrossing is regulated, the importance of the latter is especially obvious. These germinal changes may, however, as the organism grows, find expression in the continually variable rhythm between nutrition and reproduction, between growth and multiplication-the great antithesis of organic life. But while considering this internal aspect, we have at the same time to recognize the importance of external influences, especially of altered climate and diet. These hinder or abet the constitutional or inherited tendencies, and may in course of time bring about important new results.

Lastly, it must be remembered how much the habit of life, the normal functions, the daily work of the organisms, are often altered under D. Some parts are more used, others less; and this is also a source of change (see SPECIES). Domesticated forms are more variable than their wild relatives; the males are more variable than the females; and the offspring of hybrids are more unstable than the hybrids themselves. The results of D. are very varied. Sometimes the changes induced and cultivated have been comparatively slight; in other cases they have amounted to the evolution of new species. Superficial alterations of color and skin, hair and feathers; deeper changes in the less plastic skeletal, muscular, alimentary, and other systems; in creased fertility on the one hand, sterility on the other; alteration in mental and emotional characters; the perfecting of a racial characteristic in one case, its loss in another; general progress in some forms, utilitarian degeneration or extraordinary abnormality in others, are abundantly illustrated in Darwin's classic work on variation under D. The constant tendency to atavism (q.v.) or reversion; the danger of carrying selection of a given character too far; the limits of successful close breeding (see BREED); the bearing of facts of D. on the problems of heredity (q.v.) and evolution, are discussed elsewhere. See ACCLIMATIZE; CULTIVATED PLANTS SPECIES; and Darwin, The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868).

DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT, financially considered, may be defined as the art of making a given income go the furthest possible in procuring for a family the means of living-the word living being understood in its wider and higher sense, It being assumed, as a fundamental maxim, that the outlay shall be within the income, the leading object of the art is rightly to apportion the outlay among the different requisites. How this is best to be done, can be discovered only by large experience; and if a young housekeeper were to begin her career without some indications of the path she should follow, she must fall into serious mistakes, occasioning loss and discomfort. Not that any amount of previous instruction, whether written or oral, can give the skill of experience; but attention to some of the more important maxims may help to avert very serious errors while the lessons of experience are being learned.

It is a very safe rule, that the best quality of food is the cheapest in the end; "it goes further"-i.e., it gives more nourishment; but those who require to practice economy may, by going to market themselves, purchase good meat at a cheaper rate than they would if they sent for it, from reasons known to experienced buyers, such as the pieces they select not being called prime cuts, not being so well-shaped, etc., which in no way takes from the wholesomeness of the article. Again, good cooking renders things more digestible and nourishing; bad cooking is absolute waste, to say nothing of the injury it does to the stomach. How meat is rendered tender by boiling or broiling, without having its nutritive qualities extracted, is described in the articles BOILING and BROILING. For the time necessary for roasting, baking, stewing, and frying, good instructions are given in the very useful works, The Dictionary of Daily Wants, and Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, where not only the mode of cooking, but the actual cost of each dish, is given.

Some books on housekeeping recommend that coal should be bought when cheap, and that groceries should be purchased in large quantities; but this is open to objections, that coal occupies a larger space than can be spared in small houses; that many articles of grocery waste in quantity or deteriorate in quality by keeping, as sugar, which loses weight, and tea, which loses aroma; and that both coal and grocery in masses, are apt to be wasted by servants, children, and thoughtless persons, from the circumstance of having large quantities to go to. Groceries may be bought cheaper in this way, and it is only personal experience that can decide in every case as to their being really cheaper. Candles and soap are the chief things that certainly improve by keeping. Candles should be hung up, if dips, but molds should be stored in boxes, and covered and kept in a dry place. Soap bought in bars, in as dry a state as possible, should be cut in lumps, six to the bar, and laid on shelves, to harden slowly.

A thorough knowledge of the art of choosing material for clothing, and making and cleaning articles of apparel, is also highly necessary, and, like good marketing for food,

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can only be acquired by practice. Many things must be considered in this kind of
purchase; the evenness of the threads in cotton and linen fabrics, softness of texture,
In printed goods, the same rule is to be observed
freedom from what is called "dress."
as to evenness of weaving, in addition to which, those kinds should be selected that
have the pattern printed through, so as to show on the wrong side, and of a lilac or
dark-blue color, as being the best for washing. Flannel goods should be chosen for
their regular make, good width, and softness; and flannel articles should be made larger
and longer than necessary, to allow for shrinking when washed. Good patterns for
making from should be obtained, well-fitting and appropriate dress lasting longer and
The same remarks
looking better than what is put together in an inconsiderate, slovenly manner; a clever
needlewoman, like a clever cook, is the most truly economical one.
apply to furniture chintzes and linens for sheetings, etc.

DOMETT, ALFRED, C.M.G, 1811-87; statesman and poet; b. in Surrey, England. He entered St. John's coll. in 1829, but left in 1833 without a degree. In 1833 he published a vol. of poems, and from 1837-39 contributed verses to Blackwood's Magazine, one of which, "A Christmas Hymn," has attained great popularity. In 1839 a second vol., a poem on Venice, was published. In 1841 he was called to the bar at the Middle temple; in 1842 purchased land in New Zealand and emigrated to that country, his intimate friend, Robert Browning, lamenting his departure in a poem entitled " Waring." D. became colonial sec. for New Munster in 1848; sec. for the colony of New Zealand in 1851; commissioner of crown lands and resident magistrate at Hawke's bay, 1853-56; member of parliament for Nelson in 1855; prime minister in 1862; sec. for crown lands, legislative councillor, and commissioner of old land claims in 1864; registrar gen, of land in 1865, and administrator of confiscated lands in 1870. He returned to England in 1871. The friendship of D. and Browning is celebrated in the latter's Guardian Angel. D. pub. Ranolf and Amolia, a South Sea Day Dream (1872); Flotsam and Jetsam (1877), dedicated to Browning; and (while in New Zealand) several official publications.

DOMETT, Sir WILLIAM, K.C.B.; G.C.B., 1754-1828; b. England; admiral; entered the navy in 1769; in 1777 was made lieut., and took part in the action off Ushant, July 27, 1778; under Capt. Cosby, in the action off Cape Henry, Mar. 16, 1781, and in the action of the Chesapeake, Sept. 5, 1781. Becoming signal officer under sir Samuel Hood, he served in the operations against St. Kitts, Jan., 1782, and in the action off Dominica, Apr. 12, 1782. A few days afterwards he captured 4 of the enemy's vessels, was promoted to the command of one of them, and subsequently was advanced to post rank and appointed as flag-capt. to Rear-Admiral Hood, aiding in the relief of Gibraltar. After being employed on the coast of Scotland, in the West Indies, and Newfoundland, he served as flag-captain 1790-1800; in 1801 was appointed capt. of the Baltic fleet; next, capt. of the fleet off Brest; in 1804 was appointed rear-admiral; aided in revising the civil affairs of the navy; in 1808-13 was on the board of admiralty; was made vice-admiral in 1809 and admiral in 1819.

DOMICILE, in common speech is used as synonymous with home or place of abode; in the strict legal sense it denotes the place which the law will hold to be a man's residence. Vatel defines one's domicile as his habitation fixed in any place with an intention of always staying there. This definition is now regarded as too strictly limited by most authorities on international law, certainly by the best writers on the subject in the United States. It is held that in a comparatively newly settled country like this absolute permanence of residence is rare, and it is sufficient to constitute a domicile that the habitation be fixed without any present intention of removing therefrom. Justice Story says, "Two things must concur to constitute a domicile-first, a residence, and, second, the intention of making it the home of the party "; to which Dr. Woolsey-undoubtedly the best authority among American writers on international law-adds, “and when once a domicile is acquired it is not shaken off by occasional absences for the sake of business or pleasure, or even by visits to a former domicile or to one's native country." It follows that the same person may be a citizen of one country, possess a domicile in another (for the questions of domicile and citizenship are quite distinct), and temporarily reside in still a third. Another American authority, Wharton, distinguishes three kinds of domicile: domicile by birth, by choice, and by operation of the law. The first is decided by the place of nativity, the second is acquired by a man's own volition, and an illustration of the third is the domicile of a wife, being that of her husband acquired by her at the time of marriage. A child, of course, has the domicile of his parents and is considered incapable of changing his domicile of his own accord; but he follows, of course, any change in the domicile of the parents. When the father of a family dies, the domicile of his children and widow continue to be that of his last residence until a new one is acquired in any of the ways already indicated. The question as to what amounts to a sufficient intention of permanent residence to cause an immediate change of domicile is one of no little difficulty, and which must be determined by evidence and the special facts of each case. In its relation to legal actions and rights the rule may be laid down in a general way that the law of the place of domicile governs in contracts relating to personal property and in the matter of wills and bankruptcy, while on the contrary in matters relating to real estate the law of the place of its situation (lex rei situ) prevails. In England it was

formerly held that it was necessary to the validity of a will that it should be executed according to the law of the testator's domicile, no matter where the will was drawn ; but statutes now provide that the will is valid if it were executed in accordance with the law of the country where it was made, even though it do not conform to the law of the place of permanent and recognized domicile. Similar provisions exist in most or all of the states in this country. The question of domicile is often of importance in determining property rights in time of war. Thus it is held that the property of an alien domiciled in a country with which his own nation is at war is subject to seizure as that of an alien enemy, Under a strict construction of the common law, also, an alien cannot (without regard to the existence of war or peace) hold land, either by purchase or inheritance but in many of the American states this rule has been directly abolished by statute as opposed to the natural policy of this country, and in others it has become obsolete by general consent. Under the Roman or civil law it was considered that a man might legally hold two domiciles, as when he resided part of the year in one place and part in another, or when he maintained two businesses in separate places; but the laws of the United States and England do not recognize such an idea. In matters of taxation and in the application of the poor laws the term domicile is often used, sometimes loosely, and its definition is often of importance in deciding such matters; the courts will often in such questions give the word the more restricted meaning attached to the words dwelling place, home, or residence. It has been held by several American courts that the domicile of a sailor is the place where he voluntarily spends most of his time when on shore.

DOMINANT, in music, the fifth above the tonic: the ruling or governing tone of the key. Ancient writers called the D. the quinta toni, from its being the next in impor tance to the tonic. The D. chord is always a major chord, the third being the subsemitonium modi, or leading note, which always rises a semitone to the tonic. The D. seventh is the major chord with the flat seventh above the D., and is the same in major and minor keys. The rules for the treatment of the D. seventh, and for the chord of the ninth on the D., apply to all other chords of the seventh or ninth, which arise from the other degrees of the scale. The D. seventh is a most important chord in modulation. The resolution of the D. seventh is always into the chord of the tonic, when not interrupted. The D. as a key is the nearest in relation to the tonic. Modulation into the key of the D. is so frequent in composition, that its form may be said to be stereotyped. The subdominant, or under-dominant, stands next in importance to the D., and has its place on the fourth above the tonic, or, which is the same, on the fifth below. The chord of the subdominant is major or minor, according to the mode of the key. The chords on all other degrees of the scale being either minor or diminished, give greater importance to the major chords of the tonic, D., and subdominant, in which chords all the notes of the scale are found, while the combination of these chords, giving the most perfect impression of a key, may account for their being of such importance in harmony.

DOMINANT TENEMENT. See SERVITUDE.

DOMINGO, SAN or SANTO, a maritime city of Hayti, capital of a province of the same name, and of the republic of San Domingo or the Dominican republic, stands on the s.e. coast, at the mouth of the Ozama, in lat. 18° 29' n., and long. 69° 57′ west. It is the oldest settlement of European origin in America, having been founded in 1496 by Bartolommeo Columbus. The pop. numbered (1892) 14,150. The city contains the government buildings, churches, including a cathedral, which is supposed to contain the remains of Christopher Columbus, convents, hospitals, colleges, and a light-house, etc. The streets are broad, and intersecting at right angles. The chief trade is in timber and dye-woods. The name S. D. is sometimes applied to the whole island of Hayti. See HAYTI and DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; also SAN DOMINGO.

DOMINIC, SAINT. See DOMINICANS.

DOMINICA, or DOMINIQUE, a British West India island, lies in lat. 15° 18′ n., and long. 61° 24' w., containing about 290 sq. m. It is of volcanic origin, hot and sulphureous springs still attesting the fact. It is the loftiest of the Lesser Antilles, attaining at one point, an elevation of 5314 ft., and nearly one-half of the surface consists of precipitous mountains and deep ravines. Where capable of cultivation, the soil is fertile; and, even on apparently inaccessible sites, the emancipated negroes have successfully established provision grounds. The principal productions are sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, lime-juice, molasses, rum, tamarinds, sulphur, indigo, rose-wood, and other cabinet woods. The principal industry is sugar planting. It has great natural resources, but the population, according to the census of 1891 was only 26,841, while in 1881 it was 28,211, and the exports for 1893 and subsequent years showed a falling off. In 1893 an inquiry was made into the causes of the industrial depression in the island. The result of this investigation was the alteration of the government in such a way as to place more power in the hands of the British administrative officer. The government consists of this officer or administrator, of an executive council, and of an assembly consisting of 7 elected and 7 nominated members. The chief harbors are Roseau on the western coast, and Prince Rupert Bay on the northern coast. The population con

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