sists principally of natives. The whites are chiefly Catholics of French descent. There were, in 1891, about 300 of the aboriginal Caribs. The abolition of slavery worked well in Dominica. In 1839 the planters at a public meeting acknowledged, "with feeling of unmixed gratification, the peaceable and quiet disposition evinced by the laborers, as a body, since their entire emancipation;" and in 1852 the lieutenant-governor officially adverted to the prosperity and contentment of the same class. The temperature, according to season and altitude, ranges from 88° F. down to chilliness; and even in the dry months, from Feb. to Aug., rain frequently falls. D. was discovered by Columbus, on his second voyage, in 1493, on a Sunday (whence its name Dominica, i.e., the Lord's day), being then thinly inhabited by Caribs. From the commencement of the 17th c. to the middle of the 18th, it may be described as having been a neutral island; but in 1759 it was captured by England, and permanently ceded by France in 1763. In 1802 it again came into the possession of France, but was finally handed over to England in 1814.

DOMIN'ICAL LETTER, or SUNDAY LETTER, is one of the seven letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, used in almanacs, etc., to mark the Sundays throughout the year. The first seven days of the year being marked in their order by the above letters in their order, then the following seven, and all consecutive sets of seven days to the end of the year, are similarly marked; so that the 1st, 8th, 15th, 22d, etc., days of the year are all marked by A; and the 2d, 9th, 16th, 23d, etc., by B; and so on. The days being thus marked, it is evident that on whatever day the first Sunday of the year falls, the letter which marks it will mark all the other Sundays in the year, as the number of the letters and of the days in the week is the same.

As the common year consists of 52 weeks and one day over, the dominical letters go backwards one day every common year. If the D. L. of a common year be G, F will be the D. L. for the next year. As a leap-year consists of 52 weeks and two days, the letters go backwards two days every leap-year. If in the beginning of a leap-year the D. L. be G, E will be the D. L. for the next year. This extraordinary retrocession, however, is made to take place at the intercalary day (the 29th Feb.) by the artifice of marking it by the same letter as the day preceding it, and thus the next Sunday is marked by the letter preceding that which marked the Sundays before the intercalary day. Suppose the 28th Feb. in a leap-year to be a Sunday, and marked by F, it is evident that the D. L. for the rest of the year will be E. As every fourth year is a leapyear, and the letters are seven in number, it is clear that the same order of letters must return in four times seven, or 28 years, which would, but for the leap-years, recur in seven years, and hence the solar cycle (see PERIOD). The dominical letters were first introduced into the calendar by the early Christians, to displace the nudinal letters in the Roman calendar. They are of use as a means of discovering on what day of the week any day of the month fails in a given year. See EASTER. Rules and tables for finding them are given in prayer-books, breviaries, etc., as well as in works on dates. See DATE.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, a state formed of the Spanish or e. section of Hayti (q.v.). Spain, in 1697, surrendered to France, by the treaty of Ryswick, the w. part of the island, retaining the remainder down to 1795. In the year last mentioned, however, the Spanish portion became nominally French. In 1814-the west having vindicated its independence-France formally relinquished, in favor of Spain, all claim to the east. In 1822, the colony, in imitation of the continental possessions, threw off the yoke of the mother-country, to link itself, more or less closely, with its African neighbors. But in or about 1843, it assumed a separate standing as the Dominican Republic, the anarchy of which it exchanged in 1861 for the despotism of its former masters. But in 1865, having again revolted, Spain gave up the possession, and the republic has since maintained a troubled existence. The D. R. has an area of 18,000 sq. m., nearly two-thirds of the area of the whole island. Its principal productions are sugar, cocoa, bananas, and coffee. Its pop., chiefly negroes and mulattoes, was estimated (1888) at 610,000. Estimates in 1893 placed it at 550,000. The capital, San Domingo, contains 14,150 inhabi tants. See SAN DOMINGO.

DOMINICANS, an order of preaching friars in the Roman Catholic church (fratres prædicatores), founded at Toulouse in 1215 by Dominic (Domingo) de Guzman. Dominic was born at Calahorra, in Old Castile, in 1170. He studied theology at Palencia, and in 1199 became canon and archdeacon of Osma in Castile. In 1205, along with his superior, Diego de Azebes, bishop of Osma, he began to itinerate through the s. of France, for the purpose of converting the "heretical" Albigenses; and convinced that the ignorance of the people and the worldliness of the clergy were great helps to the progress of heresy, he instituted the order which bears his name, for the express purpose of preaching and the cure of souls. Dominic, however, found it impossible to convert the Albigenses by this method, and therefore had recourse to another. In 1208, at the instigation of Dominic, the pope proclaimed a crusade against these "heretics;" the barons of France were summoned to take part in it, and headed by De Montfort, committed horrible slaughter on these unfortunate people. The order of the D was confirmed by Innocent III. and Honorius III. in 1216. The members followed

the rule of St. Augustine, somewhat modified; their dress was a white garment, resem. bling that of the Carthusians, with a black cloak and pointed cap of the same color. In 1220 they took the vow of poverty. Dominic died at Bologna in 1221, and was canonized by Gregory IX. in 1233. He is said to have been ordinarily not a cruel or unfeeling man, but his religious passions were so vehement, that they entirely dried up the milk of human kindness in his heart, and his conduct towards heretics was merciless in the extreme. As early as 1206, he founded an order of Dominican nuns, which, after 1218, when the first convent was established at Rome, spread far and wide. These nuns followed the same rule as the friars, and were solemnly pledged to habits of industry. A third Dominican order (the Knights of Christ) was established in 1224, and confirmed in 1279. It was originally a company of knights and nobles who had leagued them selves together for the suppression of "heresy" by force of arms, but after the death of its founder, the order was changed into that of the Penitents of St. Dominic. The members of this branch of the D. were also called the Tertiary Dominicans. They were not bound by any vows, but their special duties were to observe particular fasts and devotions, and to execute great ecclesiastical judgments. They retained all their civic and domestic privileges. There were also female Penitents of St. Dominic, a few of whom, however, betook themselves to a conventual life, and became nuns. These few were chiefly in Italy; the most famous was St. Catharine of Siena. The glory of apostolic poverty, which encircled the D., the privileges which they possessed-especially of preaching and hearing confession-and the circumstance that as early as 1230, only 15 years after the foundation of their order, they secured a chair of theology in the great university of Paris, all helped to rapidly increase their numbers and influence. Within six years after their establishment, they had spread to England through one Gilbert du Fresney, and founded a monastery at Oxford. The monks," writes a contemporary annalist, Matthew Paris, himself a Benedictine, "did not, in three or four hundred years, ascend to such a height of greatness as the friars, minors and preachers, within twenty-four years after they began to build their first house in England." Their prog ress was scarcely less rapid in Scotland, where they found a munificent patron in king Alexander II., who is said to have met St. Dominic at Paris about the year 1217. In Britain, the D. were called the Black Friars. In France they received the name of Jacobins, from the Rue St. Jacques (Lat. Jacobus) in Paris, where they first established themselves. Their monasteries arose throughout all Christendom, and were even to be seen on the shores of Asia, Africa, and subsequently America. Their monarchical constitution, which bound all the branches and congregations of the order under one grand head (magister ordinis), insured their progress and the co-operation of their efforts to secure influence in church and state. Through their preaching and proselytizing, it is undeniable that they exercised, at the time of the foundation of their order, and for a considerable time after, an influence alike extensive and beneficial. They have produced several great scholars and men of genius, such as Albertus Magnus; Thomas Aquinas, the normal theologian of the Roman Catholic church, and Raymund de Pennaforte. They have, however, acquired a black reputation in history in connection with the inquisition (q.v.), in which they were the chief agents. After 1425, when they obtained permission to accept endowments, they in some measure refrained from begging, and engaged themselves more with politics and theology. Their great rivals were the Franciscans (q.v.), and the mutual animosity of the two orders was strongly exhibited in the disputes of the Thomists and Scotists. These two orders divided between them the honor of controlling the church, and often the Catholic states of Christendom, until the rise of the Jesuits in the 16th c., who gradually drove both from the schools and the court, when the D. were compelled to return to their original vocation. Their power was, however, again revived to a certain extent in 1620, when the censorship of books was conferred on the master of the Vatican at Rome, who must always be a Dominican. In the 18th c., the order of D. possessed 1000 monasteries and convents, divided into 45 provinces, besides 12 separate congregations or sects. At present, the order flourishes only in Italy, France, Hungary, Switzerland, and America. The Dominican nuns, who are not numerous, have convents in Italy, France, Belgium, Hungary, Bavaria, and America. See illus., PRIESTS, MONKS, AND NUNS, vol. XII.

DOMINION, THE OLD. See STATES, POPULAR NAMES OF.

DOM INIS, MARCUS ANTONIUS DE, an ecclesiastic whose career was both singular and checkered. He was b. in 1566 at Arba, on the coast of Dalmatia, and educated, first at Loretto, and subsequently at Padua, where he greatly distinguished himself both by his ability and the varied character of his studies. While at Padua, he taught mathematics, physics, and eloquence. Having completed his theological curriculum, he was, after some time, appointed bishop of Segni, and two years later, archbishop of Spalatro, in which capacity, however, he quarreled with the pope, and having, moreover, exhibited certain Protestant leanings, he found it expedient to resign his post. In 1616, he came to England, where he was hospitably received. King James appointed him dean of Windsor; and while holding this office, he wrote his De Republica Ecclesiastica, a work in which he endeavored to show that the pope had no supremacy over other bishops, but was only primus inter pares. D. published one or two other productions between 1617 and 1618; but finding Anglicanism far from satisfactory, a revulsion of feeling occurred, and D. once more looked and longed for the unity of the Catholic

church. The motives that induced him to return to the Roman Catholic church are not known. Most writers consider that he was actuated by avarice and ambition, but a critical appreciation of his character would lead us to doubt this harsh judgment. He was, it has been supposed, desirous of discovering a church broad enough to form the basis of a universal Christianity. Men holding such opinions are always misunder stood, and so D., even after his return to Rome, was still suspected of heresy. In consequence, he was imprisoned in the castle of St. Angelo, where he died, Sept., 1624. Being subsequently condemned as a heretic, his body was raised from its grave, and burned.

While at Padua, D. wrote his De Radiis Visus et Lucis in Vitris Perspectivis et Iride (Venice, 1611). He was the first to point out that in the phenomenon of the rainbow, the light undergoes, in each rain-drop, two refractions and an intermediate reflection.

DOMINIUM, a Roman law-term, which has been received into the technical language of most of the legal systems of Europe. It may be described as a full legal right in and to an object as the right from which alone legal possession could flow, but which actual possession alone could never confer, unless such possession had endured for the period of legal prescription. The right to possess is thus distinguished from the right arising from possession, which is the usufruct. Ownership or D. may be either absolute-that is to say, it may include the beneficial interest in the subject-or it may be bare ownership, consisting in some limited power over it at the time, or some ultimate right to it at a future time. D. must not be confounded with imperium (q.v.), which has a totally different signification.

DOM INO, the name formerly given to the garb worn in winter by priests while officiating in cold edifices. It is now used to signify a masquerade costume, consisting of an ample cloak or mantle with wide sleeves. See MASQUERADE.

DOM'INOS, the name of a game, usually played with 28 oblong, flat pieces of ivory or bone, etc., each of which bears two numbers marked by points from nought to six. The party wins who has first played out his tablets, or, if this has been found impossible, who has the fewest points on the tablets still remaining. The game of D. has been attempted to be traced back to the Greeks and Hebrews, and also to the Chinese. So much is certain, that it was introduced about the beginning of the 18th c. from Italy into France, where it immediately became popular in the larger towns. From Paris it spread to Germany, where, as in France, it is now played in every coffee-house. The Cafe de l'Opera, in Paris, long boasted of assembling the most expert players; an honor, however, which was warmly contested by the establishments of Rouen and Poitiers.

DOM'INUS, the Latin word by which we commonly render lord, but which more prop、 erly signifies master, as opposed to slave (servus). Aurelianus is said to have been the first emperor who adopted D. as a title of honor on his medals, though it had long been made use of in conversation and in correspondence in that sense, as by Pliny in addressing Trajan. In legal phraseology, the dominus litis is the person really interested in the issue of an action, though not necessarily the pursuer.

DOMITIA NUS, T. FLAVIUS, emperor of Rome from 81 to 96 A.D., was the son of Vespasian, and younger brother of Titus, whom he succeeded on the throne. The earlier years of his reign were on the whole advantageously occupied for the public benefit. Many good laws were passed, the provinces carefully governed, and justice rigidly administered. As he grew older, however, his ambition, his jealousy, and his pride, wounded by the failure of his campaigns against the Dacians and the Marcomanni, in 87 A.D., began to instigate him to the most atrocious cruelties. By murder or banishment, he deprived Rome of nearly every citizen conspicuous for talent, learning, or wealth. To win the army, he greatly increased the pay of the soldiers, and secured the favor of the people by prodigal largesses and gladiatorial shows and games, in which he sometimes took part in person. His cruelties became at length so intolerable, that a conspiracy-encouraged, if not organized-by his wife Domitia, whom he had doomed to death, was formed against him, and the tyrant fell under the dagger of the assassin, 18th Sept., 96 A.D.

DO'MO D'OS SOLA, a charming little t. in the extreme n. of Piedmont, at the foot of the Simplon, near the right bank of the Tosa, which flows into Lago Maggiore. Its general aspect is peculiarly Italian. It has some trade and several handsome buildings, but is chiefly noteworthy as being a starting-point for tourists who wish to make excursions up the southern valleys of the Alps. The chief places of interest in the vicinity are the Val Anzasca, the Val Vigezzo, and the Falls of the Tosa. Population between 3000 and 4000.

DON (anc. Ta'nais), a river of Russia, has its source in a small lake in the government of Tula, in lat. about 53° 45′ n., and long. 38° 10' east. It flows at first in a southeastern direction through the governments of Tula, Riazan, Tambov, and Woronetz, and after winding s.w. through the country of the Don Cossacks, it advances to its embouchure in the sea of Azov, which it enters by three mouths, only one of which is navigable. The D. receives 80 affluents, of which the principal are the Sosna and the Donetz on the right, and on the left the Khoper, the Medvieditza, the Sal, and the Manitch Its total length is about 1150 miles. Its course is obstructed by frequent

sand-banks, which, when the water is low, render navigation impossible to any but flatbottomed boats. From April to June, however, during which months it overflows its banks, and forms unwholesome swamps on either side, it is navigable as high as Zadonsk, 600 m. from its mouth. The D. is connected by a canal with the Volga, and by this means the produce and manufactures of the interior are conveyed to the southern prov inces of Russia. The waters of the D. abound in fish, the traffic in which commodity is considerable, especially in its lower course.

DON, a river of Aberdeenshire, rising on the w. border of the county in a peat-moss, 1640 ft. above the sea. It runs n.e., then e., and lastly s.e., entering the sea a mile n.e. of Old Aberdeen. It has a total course of 78 m., but only 42 in a straight line, and it drains a tract of 495 sq.m., chiefly composed of granite and gneiss, with a little syenite and clay-slate. In the upper part of its course, it receives some large mountain streams, but its chief tributary is the Ury, which comes 24 m. from the n.w. Near the junction of the Ury and D. is a curious conical gravel hillock, called the Bass, the subject of a prophecy by Thomas the rhymer. The D., at less than a mile from the sea, is crossed by the old brig o' Balgownie," of one Gothic arch. Lord Byron, while a youth, had a superstitious dread in crossing this bridge, from an old prophecy connected with it.

DON, a title. See DOм.

DON, or DUN, a river of the West Riding of Yorkshire, rising in the moors on the borders of Derbyshire and Cheshire. It runs 55 m., first s.e. to Sheffield, and then n.e. by Rotherham, Doncaster, and Thorne, into the Aire, which soon afterwards unites with the Ouse. Its basin consists of carboniferous and permian strata. Its chief tributaries are the Rother, Dearne, and Wente. It is navigable for the last 39 m. of its course below Sheffield, by the aid of artificial canals and cuts.

DO'NA, SAN, a t. of n. Italy, in the province of Venice, 18 m. n.e. from Venice, on the left bank of the Piave. Pop. of commune, 8500.

DOÑA AÑA, a co. in New Mexico, on the border of Texas and Mexico, intersected by the Rio Grande, and by several mountain ridges; about 8992 sq. m.; pop. '90, 9191. The productions are wheat, corn, wool, and live stock. Co. seat, Las Cruces.

DONA FRANCISCA, a German colony, situated in the province of Santa Catharina, Brazil, about 14 m. inland from the port of São Francisco, was founded about 1867, and its population is estimated at 6700. Chief town, Joinville or Dona San Francisca, with about 3000 inhabitants.

DONABUE, a t. of Pegu, stands on one enters the bay of Bengal, lat. 17° 10' n., this grand artery of the country, and is 54 to the n.e. of Bassein, the principal ince. It is only on historical grounds, Here the English were repulsed with first in 1825, and again in 1853.

of the main branches by which the Irrawaddy and long. 95° 27' e. It is within the delta of situated 65 m. to the n.w. of Rangoon, and seaports of the newly acquired British provhowever, that the place is worthy of notice. considerable loss in both the Burmese wars;

DONAGHADEE', a seaport in the n. of the county of Down, on the Irish Channel, 18 m. English (14 Irish) e.n.e. of Belfast, and 22 m. s. w. of Portpatrick, Wigtownshire, with which it is connected by a submarine telegraph cable. It forms a crescent round the harbor, with two chief streets, one facing the sea, and is frequented for sea-bathing. Its exports are cattle, grain, potatoes, etc. It has a lighthouse which can be seen for twelve miles. Pop. '91, about 2000. On the n. of D. is a conical mound, 140 ft. high, 480 ft. in circuit at the base, and surmounted by a modern miniature castle 50 ft. high, whence there is a very extensive prospect, including the Scotch coast and the Isle of Man. The Danes, in 837, are said to have destroyed a university which stood on a level a little s. of where D. now is.

DONALDSON, JAMES LOWRY, b. Md., 1814; graduate of West Point; served in the Florida and the Mexican wars, and in the war between the states, in all with distinction, rose to be maj.-gen. in 1865, and in 1869 retired from active service. He wrote Sergeant Atkins, a tale of the Florida war. He d. in 1885.

DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM, was b. in London, June 7, 1811. His father, Stuart Donaldson, a wealthy merchant, was descended from an old Scotch family; his mother was daughter of J. Cundall, esq., of Snail Green, Lancashire. He was educated first at the university of London, and afterwards at Trinity college, Cambridge. He graduated as B.A. in the year 1834, and obtained the second place in the first class of the classical tripos. The year following he was elected fellow. His first work was a volume, entitled The Theater of the Greeks, partly original and partly compiled, which, having been carefully revised and improved in six successive editions, still holds its place as a school and college class-book. He was still resident at Cambridge, holding the office of assistant-tutor of Trinity, when he published the first edition of his New Cratylus (1839), a work remarkable for its research, erudition, and boldness, and as being the first attempt, on a large scale, to familiarize Englishmen with the principles of comparative philology, as established by the great scholars of Germany-Pott, Bopp, Grimm, and

others. Availing himself largely, but not servilely, of the labors of these men, he developed their principles, and continued their researches, with a special application to the history, structure, and etymology of the Greek language. The New Cratylus, in its latest, largest, and most improved form, is still the most important work which has been written in English upon the subject. Mr. D. soon after married the daughter of sir John Mortlock of Stapleford, and accepted the post of head master of the grammarschool of Bury St. Edmunds, having previously taken holy orders Notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his duties as head-master, he found time to prosecute and extend his linguistic studies, embracing in their wide range Hebrew and Arabic, and most of the dialects of modern Europe. In the Varronianus, of which the first edition appeared in 1844, he undertook to accomplish for Latin philology what in the New Cratylus he had done for Greek. He dedicated the work to the bishop of St. Davids (Dr. Thirlwall), in grateful recognition of the benefits derived from his Cambridge teaching. Among his other works of this period may be mentioned an edition of Pindar, of the Antigone of Sophocles (with a verse translation), Maskil le Sopher (a treatise on Hebrew grammar), and finally Jashar, a book written in Latin, and published at Berlin, the object of which was, by critical tests, to distinguish the fragments of the lost book of This book was violently assailed by the so-called Jashar imbedded in the Pentateuch. "religious press," which did not prevent its undaunted author from issuing a second edition.

Soon afterwards he resigned his place at Bury St. Edmunds, and returned to Cambridge, where he gave a course of lectures on Latin synonyms, and occupied himself with tuition. Here he wrote a volume entitled Christian Orthodoxy. Some critics vehemently disputed its right to the title. A smaller volume on classical scholarship followed. He had previously issued a Greek Grammar and a Latin Grammar for the use of schools. These, during his residence at Cambridge, he recast and enlarged, so as to rival in profundity and copiousness any other works on the same subjects. In 1856, he was appointed one of the classical examiners in the university of London, an honor which he owed chiefly to the strenuous report of Mr. Grote, the historian of Greece.

He was engaged in superintending the compilation of a new Greek Lexicon, when his health, for the first time, began to show symptoms of failure. A tour in Germany during the summer of 1860 did not produce any change for the better. Incipient disease of the brain, the result of overwork, showed itself first by neuralgic pains, and He removed to London, and died in his afterwards by more alarming symptoms. mother's house, after some weeks of great suffering, borne with calm and patient courage, on the 10th of Feb., 1861. In private life, he was distinguished by kindness of heart, ready wit, unfailing vivacity, and varied conversational powers. It ought, perhaps, to be mentioned that a little work, published anonymously under the title of Phileleutherus Anglicanus, which made no small sensation at the time of its appearance, has been very generally attributed to Dr. Donaldson.

DONALDSON'S HOSPITAL, an extensive establishment at Edinburgh, of the character Its founder was James Donaldson, a successful printer of Christ's hospital, London. in Edinburgh, son of Alexander Donaldson, publisher, of whom some notice is taken in the articles BOOK-TRADE and COPYRIGHT.

DONATELLO (properly, DONATO DI BETTO BARDI), one of the restorers of the art of He belonged to the Donato family, sculpture in Italy, was b. at Florence, in 1383. which reckons several scholars among its members, and has given some doges to the republic of Venice. Donatello was a diminutive given to the artist in childhood. He received his earliest instructions from Lorenzo Bicci. His first great works in marble St. Mark" in the church of St. Michael in his native city. were the "St. Peter" and His own favorite, however, was the statue of an old man in the garb of a senator, on the steeple of the same church. It is known under the name of Zuccone (the gourd or bald-head). He died at Florence, Dec. 13, 1466. D.'s principai works, besides those already mentioned, are a statue of "St. George" (in marble), "Judith bearing the Head Crucifixion" (in wood), several statues of the "Baptist" of Holofernes" (in bronze), the (executed in various materials), and a grand equestrian statue (in bronze) of Erasmus Gattemelata, erected on one of the public places of Padua. He also executed a number of bas-reliefs. The whole tendency of D.'s genius was towards a reproduction of the antique; and his style, though not free from harshness and the rudeness of early art, sometimes reminds one of the glorious productions of ancient Greece.

66

DONA'TI, GIOvanni BattistA, 1826-73; an Italian astronomer, professor in the royal institution at Florence. June 2, 1858, he discovered the comet now bearing his name. He discovered other comets, made spectroscopic observations, and published dia grams of lines in the spectra of the stars. In 1864, he was appointed director of the Florence observatory.

DONATION. In legal usage the word donation is confined to the transfer of personal property made without consideration; but the word gift is also used to denote a particular kind of transfer of real estate-that by which there is created an estate in fee tail, an estate, that is, which is granted to a man and certain particular heirs; the instrument by which such a transfer is made is called a deed of gift. Title to personal property can thus be acquired only through the voluntary, positive, and gratuitous act of the owner, followed by the distinct acceptance of the donee. The general classifica